Unit 14: World War 1 (Ch. 27)

2. Unit 14: World War 1 (Ch. 27) SSWH16 The student will demonstrate an understanding of long-term causes of World War I and its global impact. Identify the causes of the war; include Balkan nationalism, entangling alliances, and militarism. Describe conditions on the war front for soldiers; include the Battle of Verdun. Explain the major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty; include German reparations and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the collapse of the great empires; include the Romanov and Hapsburg dynasties.

4. The Causes: • Nationalism (devotion andloyaltytoone'sowncountry; patriotism) Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia.

5. 2) Imperialism (the policyofextendingtheruleorauthorityofanempire or nationoverforeigncountries,orofacquiringand holding colonies and dependencies)

6. 3) Militarism (the glorification of armed strength) 4) System of Alliances Over time, countries throughout Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. Thus, if one country was attacked, allied countries were bound to defend them. Dreadnought

7. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.

8. Background 1815 to 1839: After the Congress of Vienna The Ottoman Empire, having emerged from the Middle Ages predominant in the Balkans, controlled Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina at its northern fringes.

9. 1914: Eve of the First World WarThe Turks were driven from most of the Balkans in the 19th century and were replaced by rivalrous European powers. With Russian patronage, an independent Serbia was born alongside an Austrian-controlled Bosnia, where a Serbian nationalist ignited World War I by assassinating the Austrian crown prince.

10. The Spark: The immediate cause of World War I that made all the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, of Austria-Hungary. June 1914

11. June 28, 1914—the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne in Bosnia, capital of Sarajevo

12. The Black Hand He pulled the pistol from his pocket, took a step towards the car and fired twice

13. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914

14. Great War Begins

15. The Allied Powers: Triple Entente The Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Bulgaria. • Britain • France • Italy • Russia • United States

16. War in the West become • one of position instead of • movement—both sides • dug in behind a wall of • trenches

17. Battle of Verdun (in France near German border) (1916) • It was the longest single battle of WWI. • Lasted over 300 days • Flame throwers  were used for 1st time • It is said that the French lost over 360,000 and the Germans nearly 340,000. "You eat beside the dead; you drink beside the dead, you relieve yourself beside the dead and you sleep beside the dead.“ unknown French soldier

18. The Trenches

24. The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats. These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

25. Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. Corpses and food litter attracted rats. One pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them. • One soldier wrote: "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Two or three rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they burrowed their way right into the corpse.

26. Rats killed in one trench

28. Modern Warfare • Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in World War I. • New weapons killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy. • The machine gun / hand grenade / artillery / bayonet / poison gas / flame thrower / submarine / airplane /barbed wire /

29. Weapons of WWI New Technology + old tactics = horrible losses

30. Trench knife Trench Shovel-Germans Gas Masks

31. German stick grenade WWII grenade

32. Poison Gas Chlorine Gas – 1915 Germans first used it rags soaked in water or urine Gas Mask Mustard Gas-sulfuric acid gas - yellow

33. Mustard Gas The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war, it was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane.

34. British-first tanks Tanks Early tank-Little Willie 1915 French Tank German Tank – lagged behind Allies in tank development

35. Both sides used bolt action rifles for the infantry

36. U-boats Submarines

37. U-Boats

38. In the beginning they surfaced to warn the other ship 1918 depth charges improved

39. Fokker Dog Fight Airplanes

41. Zeppelins Flamethrowers

42. The Russian Revolution 1917

43. •until March 1917, Russia was a monarchy, last headed by Czar Nicholas II •big revolution in March 1917 •from March-November 1917, a temporary government was put into place RASPUTIN Press

44. •smaller/"nearly bloodless" revolution in November 1917, called the Bolshevik Revolution • (remember, Lenin was the head of the Bolsheviks and the Bolsheviks were communists) • •by the end of 1917, civil war broke out, Bolshevik "Red Army" vs. "White Army" (opponents, such as army leaders, political opponents, and wealthy Russians) • •late 1920, Bolsheviks triumph in civil war • •by 1922, the country was communist and called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union (and it stayed this way until 1991)

45. The official end of the Habsburg empire came on 11 November 1918, when Emperor Charles I (Karl Franz Joseph), King of Hungary, King of Bohemia and Croatia, made his famous proclamation: "Filled now as ever with unchangeable love for my people I will no longer set my person as a barrier to their free development ... The people has now taken over the government through its representatives." The Habsburg Emperor Charles I Austria -Hungary

46. Austria After WWI: Austria would be forced to cede large parts of empire, including Hungary and Balkan territories (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia), minimizing it to a fraction of its size going back centuries, trimmed down to primarily cover areas dominated by Austrian-German populations. Hungary After WWI: Upon the loss of Austria-Hungary in WWI, it was forced to divide into natural states according to ethnic groups. Therefore, Hungary became independent at conclusion of war, but lost possession of significant Hungarian population inside Transylvania, which was awarded to Romania by the Allies

47. End of WW1 The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations

48. End of War • Nov. 9, 1918 – Rebellion in Berlin led to the establishment of German Republic (Kaiser out) • No decisive battle to end war, but German war machine was exhausted • November 11, 1918 at 11:00 - Germany stopped the fighting

49. Treaty of Versailles • The main points of the Treaty [BRAT] • The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out the Covenant of the League of Nations the rest of the 440 Articles detailed Germany's punishment:  • 1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war (Clause 231).  This was vital because it provided the justification for...

50. 2.   Germany had to pay £6,600 million (called Reparations) for the damage done during the war. 3.   Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.   In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France. 4.   Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map, below). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.   (Also, Germany was forbidden to join the League of Nations, or unite with Austria.)