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Goal 11. Fallout Shelters and A Man on the Moon. “Duck and Cover”. Students were taught to “duck and cover” in the event of a surprise attack through training films and special drills
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“Duck and Cover” • Students were taught to “duck and cover” in the event of a surprise attack through training films and special drills • While such efforts reassured the public, in reality they offered little, if any, real protection in the event of an actual nuclear attack
Fallout Shelters • Many families constructed special underground bunkers which they stocked with food, water, and other essentials in case of an attack • Cities also designated subway tunnels and other reinforced underground structures as public shelters
HUAC • 1938 – 1975 • Tasked with investigating “any suspected threats of subversion or propaganda that attack the form of government guaranteed by our Constitution.” • In 1947, at the urging of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, HUAC began holding public hearings aimed at rooting out high-profile communists
Hollywood Blacklist • HUAC first began to investigate suspected communists within the entertainment industry, issuing hundreds of subpoenas to testify • One group refused, and came to be known as the “Hollywood Ten.” They were convicted of contempt and imprisoned, after which they were unable to find work in Hollywood
Alger Hiss • 1904 – 1996 • High-ranking State Department official who was accused of being a Soviet spy • Could not be convicted of espionage, but was convicted of perjury (lying under oath) for his supposedly false testimony before HUAC in 1950 • Spent nearly 4 years in prison, even though his case was extremely controversial and the evidence was suspect
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • American couple accused of helping the Soviets acquire information on the American atomic bomb program • Convicted of treason in a highly controversial trial, both were sentenced to death and were executed simultaneously via electric chair • Evidence later surfaced showing that while Julius was most likely guilty, many historians still doubt Ethel’s involvement
Elvis Presley • 1935 – 1977 • “The King of Rock and Roll” • Had his first major hit record, “Heartbreak Hotel,” and film “Love Me Tender” in 1956 • Recorded over 100 Top 40 hits in his 20 year career before dying of drug-related heart failure
The Beatles • 1960 – 1970 • Rock group who led the “British Invasion” of English musical acts which became popular in the US • The band would reflect the youth culture of the ’60s – fairly innocent and clean-cut at the beginning of the decade and heavily immersed in the anti-Vietnam War, pro-peace drug culture at the end
Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 • Authorized the spending of $25 billion in federal funds to build 41,000 miles of highways over a period of 20 years • Interstate highways were built in order to allow the speedy movement of troops and supplies around the country in case of invasion or other national emergency
National Security Act of 1947 • Merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the newly created Department of Defense and separate military branch (the US Air Force) • Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to gather intelligence on foreign governments
Loyalty Review Program • Created by President Truman to screen all federal employees and remove those who showed signs of communist sympathies • 6 million employees were screened, with about 14,000 investigated more thoroughly by the FBI • Only 212 were actually identified as having “questionable loyalty” and fired
Détente • Relaxing of tensions between US & USSR in order to ease the tension between U.S. and communist nations • Biggest step forward in Détente was when Nixon visited communist China.
S.A.L.T. I and II • Nixon created a 5 year agreements to limit nuclear weapons between US & USSR • This agreement included all weapons from intercontinental ballistic missiles to launched submarines.
Harry Truman (1945-1953) Fair Deal:Truman’s program to extend ideas of the New Deal; was largely unsuccessful due to opposition by Congress Taft-Harley Act (1947):allowed the President to end strikes for 80-day “cooling-off” period in industries important to the nation.
Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) AFL-CIO (1955): merger of 2 largest labor unions National Highway Act (1956): provided money to create a national highway system
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) New Frontier: Kennedy’s program to help the poor, invest in space program and improve the economy Peace Corps (1961): program to send volunteers to other countries as teachers, health workers or do to other public works projects Kennedy not able to achieve many of his goals because he was assassinated– Johnson took on many of his programs/ideas
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) Great Society: Johnson’s programs to help the poor, fund education, healthcare, regulate housing and protect the environment HUD (Housing and Urban Development): oversee housing for the country and housing help for poor Head Start: preschool program for low-income children
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America): volunteers to help poor areas Medicare: healthcare for elderly (>65 years old) National Endowment for the Humanities: give money to artists and academics
1968 A Pivotal Year: Democratic Party Johnson decided not to run for President. Now democrats were split over who they should choose to run. They had to decide between McCarthy and Humphrey . The convention was surrounded by violence as police tried to stop protesters outside. They nominated Humphrey, but the party was hurt by split positions.
1968 A Pivotal Year: Civil Rights Martin Luther King, Jr. was visiting Memphis to organize the poor. He was assassinated on the balcony of his hotel. The nation erupted in violence. Many people lost faith in MLK’s ideas of nonviolent change.
1968 A Pivotal Year: Vietnam Series of attacks by the North on the South greatly eroded American’s faith in their role in the Vietnam conflict. My Lai: Americans massacred hundreds of women and children. Further deteriorated American’s support for war.
Nuclear Holocaust? • After the Soviets acquired the atomic bomb, Americans became highly paranoid about the potential for a nuclear attack against the US
Selective Service Act of 1951 • After WWII, the government decided to not end the military draft, due to the potential threat presented by the Soviets • In 1951, the draft’s parameters were adjusted to include only men between the ages of 18 – 26 and change the time of enlistment to 21 months
The Military-Industrial Complex • In Eisenhower’s Farewell Address, he warned against unchecked military spending, stating “we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex” • Essentially, Eisenhower was warning that defense contractors were becoming too friendly with the military high command, creating a conflict of interest where their profits were more important than what was in the best interests of the nation
Loyalty Review Program • 1947 – 1951 • Created by President Truman to screen all federal employees and remove those who showed signs of communist sympathies • 6 million employees were screened, with about 14,000 investigated more thoroughly by the FBI • Only 212 were actually identified as having “questionable loyalty” and fired
Joe McCarthy • 1908 – 1957 • Senator from Wisconsin • Claimed in 1950 to have a secret list of members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring within the US State Department • Went on to make other claims about communists in the Army, even going so far as to accuse former Sec. of State George Marshall of communist sympathies
McCarthyism • McCarthy’s claims led to widespread hysteria over the supposed level of communist infiltration into the US government • Eventually, however, when McCarthy could not produce any valid evidence, he was censured by the Senate and died just 3 years later from complications from alcoholism
McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 • Legislation which required all Communist Party members and organizations to register with the US Attorney General’s office • Banned communists from getting passports and traveling abroad • In cases of national emergency, it provided for the arrest and detention of communists • Vetoed by Truman, but Congress overrode his veto • Much of the Act has since been declared unconstitutional or repealed
The Space Race • Both the US and USSR had captured German rocket scientists at the end of WWII and were pursuing missile technologies • Starting in 1957, these technologies were used to compete against each other for control of outer space – a multi-billion dollar “space race” to see who could accomplish certain objectives or discoveries first
ICBMs • Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles • The development of missile technologies allowed both sides to mount atomic warheads onto long-range rockets which could be launched against distant targets
Sputnik • The first man-made object to attain orbit around the earth (satellite) • Sputnik I launched by the Soviets in Oct. 1957, followed by Sputnik II (which carried the first living creature into space, a dog named Laika) in November • These launches triggered a panic in the US, as Americans worried that the Soviets were gaining a technological advantage over the US
National Defense Education Act of 1958 • Law which provided for dramatically increased spending on education, especially in science, math, and foreign languages • Passed in response to the belief that the US was falling behind the Soviets in scientific and technological fields • Increased the number of high-school graduates who went on to college from less than 15% in 1950 to over 40% by 1970
NASA • National Aeronautics and Space Administration • Created in 1958 • Civilian agency which was created to take over space exploration programs from the various military branches to increase coordination and efficiency
Yuri Gagarin • 1934 – 1968 • Soviet “cosmonaut” who became the first man in space in April of 1961 • Declared a “Hero of the Soviet Union,” he was never allowed to return to space due to his value as an instrument of propaganda; instead, he was sent on a world tour to promote Soviet superiority • Ironically, he later died in a plane crash
Project Mercury • 1959 – 1963 • NASA’s first program designed to put an American in space • Capsule could carry only a single astronaut • Cost $384 million, but succeeded at getting the US’ manned space program off the ground
John Glenn • 1921 – Present • US Marine pilot who became the first American to orbit the earth in 1962 • Went on to serve as US Senator from Ohio from 1974 – 1999 • In 1998, became the oldest person to fly in space when he took part in a shuttle mission at age 77
Kennedy Targets the Moon • “[We] commit … before this decade is out, to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth … But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? …We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win”
Project Gemini • 1965 – 1966 • Could carry 2 astronauts • 10 manned flights cost $5.4 billion • Purpose was to develop the technologies that would be needed to make longer space flights possible (such as a trip to the moon and back)
Apollo Program • Series of 6 manned missions to the moon between 1969 and 1972 • Each Apollo craft carried 3 astronauts • Suffered two major accidents: during the Apollo I training exercise in 1967, 3 astronauts died in an oxygen fire, and an explosion onboard Apollo 13 forced the crew to abort the mission • Cost $25.4 billion
“The Eagle has landed” • July 20, 1969 • Apollo 11 became the first manned-mission to land on the moon after a 4 day journey • Represented a major victory for the US, since we had finally surpassed Soviet achievement in space (to this day, no other nation has landed astronauts on the moon)
Neil Armstrong • 1930 – Present • The first of only 12 men to walk on the moon • Former Navy pilot and Korean War veteran, Armstrong retired from NASA almost immediately after returning from the moon and became a college professor
“That’s one small step for a man …” • “… one giant leap for mankind.” • After the success of the Apollo program, Americans tired of the “space race” – we had clearly beaten the Soviets and Americans were now distracted by more “down to earth” matters such as the Vietnam War, Civil Rights, and Watergate
4/29/2013 What are ways in which people protest today if they see unfair practices? How effective are protest movements today? What are some modern examples of protest movements? HW: Test 5/3
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, KS • 1954 • Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, rejecting the idea that racially segregated schools could offer equal services • Court ordered the desegregation of public schools “with all deliberate speed”
