1. MICROSCOPES & MAGNIFICATION

2. COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE: • USES LIGHT PASSING THROUGH THE SPECIMEN TO ENLARGE IT • 2 LENSES • OBJECTS APPEAR BACKWARDS & UPSIDE DOWN!

4. MICROSCOPE PARTS

5. FOCUSING: • NOT FOLLOWING FOCUSING PROCEDURES CAN SEVERLY DAMAGE THE MICROSCOPE &/OR SLIDE! • ALWAYS START WITH THE LOWEST MAGNIFICATION AND WORK UP TO A HIGHER MAGNIFICATION!

6. FOCUSING PROCEDURES: • PLACE THE SLIDE ON THE STAGE & CLIP IT IN TO SECURE • ADJUST THE DIAPHRAGM TO THE PROPER AMOUNT OF LIGHT • MAKE SURE YOU ARE ON THE LOWEST OBJECTIVE LENS • LOWER THE OBJECTIVE USING THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

7. BRING THE SPECIMEN INTO FOCUS USING THE FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB • CHANGE TO A HIGHER POWER OBJECTIVE • USE ONLY THE FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB AT THIS POINT! • NEVER USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT AT HIGH POWER – YOU WILL BREAK THE SLIDE/LENS • WHEN DONE – STORE THE MICROSCOPES IN THEIR COVERS UNDER THE SINKS

8. MAKING A WET MOUNT SLIDE: • OBTAIN A CLEAN SLIDE & COVER SLIP • PLACE A SPECIMEN IN THE MIDDLE OF THE SLIDE (USE TWEEZERS) • WITH A DROPPER, PLACE ONE DROP OF LIQUID OVER THE SPECIMEN – DO NOT TOUCH THE DROPPER TO THE SPECIMEN! • HOLD THE COVER SLIP BY THE EDGES AT (WITH TWEEZERS) • LOWER IT SLOWLY ON AN ANGLE!

9. IF AIR BUBBLES ARE TRAPPED UNDER THE COVER SLIP, GENTLY TAP THE EDGE OF THE COVER SLIP WITH THE BLUNT END OF THE TWEEZERS • REMOVE EXCESS WATER WITH A PIECE OF PAPER TOWEL (TWEEZERS AGAIN, FOLKS) • PLACE THE SLIDE ON THE STAGE & VIEW!

10. MAKING A WET MOUNT STAIN: • MAKE A WET MOUNT SLIDE • USING A DROPPER, ADD A DROP OF STAIN ALONG THE EDGE OF THE COVERSLIP • TOUCH A PIECE OF PAPER TOWEL TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COVER SLIP TO DRAW THE STAIN THROUGH

11. MAGNIFICATION: • THE ABILITY TO MAKE IMAGES LARGER • RESOLUTION: THE SHARPNESS OR CLEARNESS OF AN OBJECT • TO CALCULATE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION: MULTIPLY THE MAGNIFYING POWER OF THE OBJECTIVE LENS x THE MAGNIFYING POWER OF THE OCULAR • OCULAR = 10x • LOW POWER LENS = 4x • TOTAL MAGNIFICATION = 40x

13. DISSECTING MICROSCOPE: • USED TO MAGNIFY 3 DIMENSIONAL SOLID OBJECTS (FOR DISSECTING) • OBJECTS APPEAR RIGHT SIDE UP AND NORMAL!!!! • NO SPECIAL SLIDES OR MOUNTS • ONLY 1 OBJECTIVE LENS – VERY LOW POWER

15. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE: • USES A BEAM OF HIGHLY ENERGETIC ELECTRONS TO EXAMINE OBJECTS ON A VERY FINE SCALE • CAN PRODUCE MAGNIFICATIONS OF MORE THAN 500,000 x THAT OF LIGHT! • ONE DISADVANTAGE IS THAT SAMPLES MUST BE VIEWED IN A VACUUM – SO NO LIVING SAMPLES CAN BE STUDIED!

16. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

17. E. COLI BACTERIA HEAD OF A SMALL BLACK ANT POLLEN