Beyond The Glass Ceiling: Women Rectors Across Europe, Role of Leadership in Structural Changes

1. Euro-Mediterranean research cooperation on gender and science: SHE Euro-Mediterranean Research Area (SHEMERA) Beyond The Glass Ceiling: Women Rectors Across Europe, Role of Leadership in Structural Changes European Women Rectors Platform and Istanbul Technical University  Istanbul 15-17 May 2014 Maria Caprile

2. FP7 SiS 2010 call: Euro-Mediterranean cooperation on gender and science (May 2011-October 2014) CONSORTIUM

3. Objectives • Enhancing research cooperation on gender and science between the EU and the MPCs • Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia • Research on three key themes • Sex-disaggregated statistics in science • Research on gender inequalities in scientific careers • Gender equality policies in science • Networking and policy debate • National seminars • Euro-Mediterranean Workshop

4. Concepts • Science • Science understood in its broadest sense, including social sciences and humanities as well as research and technological development • Gender equality in science • Organisation: women’s balanced presence in science • Knowledge: mainstreaming sex and gender analysis in basic and applied research Structural change: Making research institutions more gender-aware

5. MPCs – Gender equality and science • Great improvement in human development (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia); Impressive progress in gender equality in education and health • However - Women’s political and economic participation has not improved at the same pace • This trend is also applicable to science Women are more present than ever in higher education and research, but remain severely underrepresented at the top of scientific careers

6. MPCs – Gender equality and science • The situation of women in science is rather similar in the MPCs and the EU countries • although women’s access to higher education is a more recent trend in the MPCs • gender inequalities are higher in the MPCs

7. Higher education • Female enrolment in HE • EU: 70%; MPCs: below 60% • Higher (as in EU) or slightly lower than the male rates (Egypt, Syria and Morocco) • Women’s share of graduates • As in EU, above 50% in all MPCs except Morocco (47%) • Women’s share of PhD graduates • EU: 46% - from 26% to 62% • MPCs: from 33% (Syria) to 56% (Tunisia) • Horizontal segregation • High, but less salient than in EU - Science, mathematics and engineering

8. Researchers • Researchers in the labour force • EU: 0.99% • MPCs: far below, except Lebanon (1.13%) • Share of women’s researchers • EU: 33% (from 21% to 52%) • MPCs: From 25% (Palestine) to 39& (Egypt) • Lowest in the private sector and highest in the government and higher education sectors • Horizontal segregation less marked in MPCs • As in EU, female researchers are catching up with men (Lebanon, Morocco and Syria) but not in Egypt

9. Academic career • Proportion of women among the highest academic grade (Grade A) • EU: 20% (from 9% to 36%) • MPCs: from 3% (Palestine) to 35% (Egypt) • The exclusivity, status and prestige associated with a grade A differ significantly across the MPCs - However women’s presence is always greater at the lower levels of the academic career

10. Female heads of HES institutions

11. Proportion of women on boards

12. Raising awareness Women in science: Time to recognise the obvious Address to the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, 2005, Egypt Prof. Ismail Seralgedin, Director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina “Why should we be concerned by the inadequacy of the representation of women among practicing scientists? For two separate and distinct reasons. First, it is one more domain where the obstacles to women’s advancement are manifesting themselves, and should be overcome, as part of the ongoing struggle to get the rights of women recognized as inalienable human rights. Second, science itself and the practice of science, is ill served by biases of any kind, and this pernicious discrimination is one that must be ended.”

13. Raising awareness • Women’s Initiative at the Arab Science and Technology Foundation (ASTF) - 2004 • To facilitate networking between individuals and institutions active in the field; To provide further opportunities for young Arab women through fellowships and mentoring. • First conference “Arab Women in Science and Technology: Empowerment for the Development of the Arab World” (2009) • Second conference “Arab Women in Science and Technology for Sustainable Development” (2014) • Women in science activities • International debates and events on gender equality in science • Networks in some MPC countries (Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia) • To encourage girls to pursue SET studies; facilitate networking of scientists; promote studies on women in science and research; support women in scientific careers

14. Raising awareness International Conference on Women in Science and Technology in the Arab Countries (2013) Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) • Women have made significant advances in science and technology professions during the past decades. However, they often lag behind men in pay, access to resources, and opportunities for promotion and advancement into leadership positions. • While their numbers in university science programs are at historic highs, a growing body of research shows that a host of cultural pressures, family responsibilities, and professional frustrations drive too many young women out of scientific careers. This has high costs for the women, but also for national institutions, economies and societies Dr. Samira Omar, Vice President of OWSD and Arab Region Program Director

15. Time for action • Scarce policy initiatives – National and institutional level • High participation and rich debate at the SHEMERA national workshops • Euro-Mediterranean Workshop (May 29-30 2014, Naples)

16. Thank you!