Establishing Foundations: Washington, Hamilton, and the Birth of Political Parties (1789-1801)

1. New Republic

2. Introduction • Washington (1789-97) • Getting Established • Hamilton • Parties Emerge • Adams (1797-1801) • Quasi-War and Responses

3. Themes • Key issues in Washington’s Administration • Judicial Branch • Foreign Policy Issues • Political Parties • John Adams avoids war with France

4. Introduction • Washington (1789-97) • Getting Established • Hamilton • Parties Emerge • Adams (1797-1801) • Quasi-War and Responses

5. Bellwork • How is the Executive department set up?

6. The First President • George Wash. Did not seek office • Electoral College unanimously chose him • Selected John Adams as VP

7. How does the Electoral College Work? Source

9. The First President • Wash. established many precedents for others to follow • Chief Executive - Appointing a cabinet • Chief Legislature - Role as law maker • Commander and Chief - Monopoly on Violence • Chief Diplomat - Foreign Policy

10. Chief Executive - Washington's Cabinet • Cabinet Members • Henry Knox (MA) - Secretary of War • Edmund Randolph (VA) - Attorney General • Thomas Jefferson (VA) - Secretary of State • Alexander Hamilton (NY) - Secretary of Treasury

11. Chief Legislature – Major Legislation • Judiciary Act 1789 • Naturalization Act 1790 • Bank Act 1791 • Coinage Act 1792 • Fugitive Slave Act 1793 • Naval Act 1794 • Ratification of the Bill of Rights

12. Chief Legislature – Major LegislationBill of Rights • First Amendment: • Free speech, press, religion, assembly, petition • Second Amendment: • Right to bear arms

13. Chief Legislature – Major LegislationBill of Rights • Prohibited unreasonable searches • Protected the rights of the accused: • Allowed for jury trials • No cruel and unusual punishment • Power was reserved to the states and the people

14. Commander and Chief – Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • A tax was placed on whiskey • Farmers in western Penn. protested and intimidated tax collectors • Wash. led a militia of 13,000 to end rebellion. • *Precedent: no violent resistance to U.S. policies*

15. Chief Diplomat – Foreign Policy - France • The French Rev. began in 1789 and many Am. Rejoiced • Specifically Jefferson and his followers • But, the Rev. turned violent and war broke out in Europe • Wash. Declared Am. neutral in European war

16. Chief Diplomat -Foreign Policy - Spain • Two Concerns • Americans access to port of New Orleans • Boundary dispute in the south east • Pinckney’s Treaty (1796) • Granted America free access to Mississippi • 31 Parallel = U.S. boundary with Florida.

17. Farwell Address • Condemned political parties • Warned of entangling alliances • Established precedence of serving only 2 terms

18. Check Up! • Executive Departments Today • How has the cabinet changed over time? How is this a reflection of the expanding role of the presidency today?

19. Introduction • Washington (1789-97) • Getting Established • Hamilton • Foreign Policy • Parties Emerge • Adams (1797-1801) • Quasi-War and Responses

20. Bellwork • What is the difference between deficit and debt? Why is debt a dangerous thing?

23. Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury) • Born in West Indies • Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War

24. Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury) • Born in West Indies • Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War • Hoped to concentrate debt in the national government • Success of large investors would be linked to success of national government.

25. National Debt • U.S. Debt = $54 million • Goal: off foreign debt and have national gov. assume state debt • Some states supported the proposal, but others had already paid their debt (like Virginia)

26. National Debt Compromise • Compromise • Rep. from the south agreed for the national gov to take on debt • The capital would transfer from Philadelphia to a location on the Potomac River in Virginia.

28. Bank of the United States • Hamilton supported creation of a National Bank of the United States • Provide a safe place to deposit the gov.’s money • Borrow money for the gov. by selling bonds • Help regulate state banks • But was it Constitutional?

29. Bank of the United States • Jefferson’s View • Strict Interpretation • No: Bank of U.S. • Constitution did not give Congress this power • This was reserved to the states

30. Bank of the United States • Hamilton’s View • Loose Interpretation • Yes: Bank of U.S. • Elastic Clause: Congress had power to ‘make all laws necessary and proper’ to carry out its functions • Wash. Agreed and signed the Bank bill into law, creating the Bank of the U.S.

31. Dealing with the Debt • Vocabulary • Deficit – The amount of money spent each year not collected as revenue • Surplus – The amount of money left over after spending for all expenses • Debt – Total money owed • Revenue – Money collected through tariffs, taxes, and fees

32. Dealing with the Debt • National Bank assumed state debts and issued debt holders bonds. • Whiskey Tax (led to Whiskey Rebellion)

33. Debt as a Percentage of GDP

34. U.S. Debt Clock

35. Solutions Now • Increase Taxes • Cut Spending • Increase Taxes and Cut Spending • Increase the size of the economy (collect more revenue but keep taxes at same rates)

36. Check Up!

37. Check Up! • Based on what has worked in the past, and what is currently happening in the United States today, develop a plan for how the U.S. can abolish its national debt. • A: To abolish the national debt, the united states needs to… • R: Because • E: For example

38. Introduction • Washington (1789-97) • Getting Established • Hamilton • Parties Emerge • Adams (1797-1801) • Quasi-War and Responses

39. Bellwork • Do you find yourself siding with one of the major political parties in the United States? If so, which one, and why?

40. Political Parties • Democratic-Republicans • Who: Jefferson, Madison • Where: South and West • Issues: State Rights, Small Farmers • Constitution: Strict Interpretation • Foreign Policy: Pro-French

41. Political Parties • Federalists • Who: John Adams, Alexander Hamilton • Where: North East, Cities • Issues: Strong National Government • Constitution: Loose interpretation, Constitution should be flexible • Foreign Policy: Pro-British

43. Check Up! Washington wrote that the development of political parties would destroy ‘the best fabric of human government and happiness.’ • Do you feel that political parties weaken government, or strengthen it? Be prepared to defend.

44. Introduction • Washington (1789-97) • Getting Established • Hamilton • Foreign Policy • Parties Emerge • Adams (1797-1801) • Quasi-War and Responses

45. John Adams • Defended Br. Soldier after B. Massacre. • From Mass. And member of the Continental Congress • Served as diplomat to France during Am. Rev. • Wash. VP and a Federalist

46. Election of 1796 • Jefferson ran against Adams for pres. • Adams won, but Jeff. became VP • Pres. Adams = Federalist • VP Jefferson = Democratic-Republican

47. Meanwhile… • French Revolution killed monarchs of France and much of the aristocracy

48. Meanwhile… • French Revolution killed monarchs of France and much of the aristocracy • British opposed the French Revolution • Fr. And British went to war

49. Jay’s Treaty • Negotiated by John Jay • Trade settlement between British and Americans. • Br. surrendered forts in western territories • Br. agreed to stop arming Native Americans. • Am. agreed to strict anti-French trade policy • Signed into law by Washington

50. XYZ Affair • French were angered by Am. Treaty with England • Adams sent diplomats to France • French would not meet with Americans unless the U.S. paid them a bribe of 250,000 • America refused and a wave of anti French sentiment swept the nation Video