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This chapter explores the European conquest of Africa from before 1500 to the colonization by European nations in the 1900s. It examines the trade relations, the Atlantic slave trade, and the effects of European control on Africa.
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Chapter 2 Section 3 European Conquest of Africa
Europeans on the Coast • Before 1500 Europe and Africa traded as equals • After 1500 it turned into the enslavement and forced migration of millions of Africans • By 1900 Africa was divided among European countries
Portuguese Exploration • Wanted to trade directly with West Africa • Wanted to trade with Asia
Trade with Asia Dias and De Gama
Improved Navigation • Lateen sail (triangle-shaped sail) allowed ships to sail against the wind. • Astrolabe helped navigate at sea.
Lateen Astrolabe
What was Traded? Africans Traded: Gold Cotton Ivory Skins Metal objects Pepper African Animal Skins
What was Traded? • Europeans Traded • Copper • Brass • Clothing
What was Introduced from Africa? Okra Watermelon Rice
What was Introduced from Europe? Corn Cassava Yams
Change in Trade Relations • Portuguese found an all-water route to the far-east • Discovered the riches of the East African coast and seized these riches
European Trade Spreads • The Dutch, French and English set up trading posts along Africa’s coasts • The Dutch built a trading post on the Cape of Good Hope
The Atlantic Slave Trade • Slave trade existed in Africa before America was colonized • African Americans were treated like property by the Europeans settling in America
The Middle Passage The Trip from Africa to the Americas was called the Middle Passage
Indians or Africans – That is the Question! • European settlers needed laborers for their mines and plantations • Cheaper to use enslaved Indians or Africans than to pay workers
Advantages of Using African Workers • Disease resistant • Unfamiliar territory • They were skilled farmers, miners and metal workers
The Slave Trade Begins • Some African nations refused to take part • By 1780 about 80,000 African slaves were being shipped to America each year!
The Horrors of Slavery • 20% of slaves died on the Middle Passage • Many died young • Separated from family • Susceptible to disease in slave huts
Effects of Slavery on Africa • Some Africans grew wealthy from slave trade • West Africa lost much of its population • Not enough skilled workers left • Families were torn apart • African societies broke down African Blacksmith
Europeans Colonize Africa • Mid 1800’s African slave trade ended • Europeans then raided Africa’s interior for natural resources • Europeans claimed empires in Africa The Industrial Revolution in England required natural resources
The Scramble for Africa • By 1900 European nations had colonized many parts of Africa • To colonize means to settle an area and take control of its government
Effects of European Control on Africa • African people had little power in their governments • Europeans encouraged rivalries among African ethnic groups. • Europeans took the best land for farming • Europeans drew new political boundaries
