1. HND – 2. Individual Behavior Lim SeiKee @ cK

2. Introduction How biographical characteristics (such as age and gender) and ability (which includes intelligence) affect employee performance and satisfaction.

3. Biographical characteristics • Personal characteristics – such as age, gender, and length of tenure- that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.

4. Biological Characteristics • Age • Gender • Tenure

5. Ability An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. • Intellectual Abilities • Physical Abilities • The Ability- Job Fit

6. Intellectual Abilities Those needed to perform mental activities- for thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. Examples: IQ (Intelligence quotient) tests, GCE ‘O’ level. Dimensions of Intellectual Ability: Number aptitude, Verbal comprehension, Perceptual speed, Inductive reasoning, Deductive reasoning, Spatial visualization, Memory.

7. Physical Abilities • The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics. • Nine basic Physical Abilities: Dynamic strength, Trunk strength, Static strength, Explosive strength, Extent flexibility, Dynamic flexibility, Body coordination, Balance, Stamina.

8. Ability-Job Fit • Jobs make differing demands on people and that people differ in their abilities. • Employee performance is enhanced when there is a high ability-job fit.

9. Poor ability-job fit? • Employees are likely to fail. • Organizational efficiencies and possible declines in employee satisfaction.

10. Learning • Learning: Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience • Theories of learning: • Classical conditioning – Individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. • Operant Conditioning – Desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. • Social Learning – Individual learn through observation and direct experience.

11. Classical Conditioning Experiments to teach dogs to salivate in response to the ringing of bell, conducted in the early-1900s by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Meat: Unconditioned stimulus Reaction that took place: Unconditioned response Bell: Conditioned stimulus Behavior of the dog: Conditioned response

12. Examples of Classical Conditioning # Your romantic partner always uses the same shampoo. Soon, the smell of that shampoo makes you feel happy. # You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous. # The nurse says “Now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt” you cringe in fear.

13. Operant conditioning • Behavior is a function of its consequences. People learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don’t want.

14. Examples of Operant Conditioning • A child learns to clean his/her room after being rewarded with TV time, every time he cleans it. • A person stops teasing his fiance about an issue after she gives him the silent treatment.

15. Social learning • Individuals can also learn by observing what happens to other people and just by being told about something, as well as by direct experiences.

16. Examples of Social learning • Advertisements are prime examples of Social Learning Theory. We watch them, then copy them. • If your a new person to IGS and it's lunch time, and you finish with your lunch but you don't know where to put the tray you would follow someone who knows what their doing. So you learn off of other peoples examples.

17. Shaping Behavior • Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response • Four ways • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Punishment • Extinction

18. Methods of Shaping Behavior: Positive Reinforcement Following a response with something pleasant. Negative Reinforcement Following a response by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant. Punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviours being exhibited (eliminate undesirable behavior.) Extinction Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior.  its purpose is to reduce unwanted behavior.

19. Schedules Of Reinforcement : The timing of the behavioural consequences that follow a given behavior.

20. Some Specific Organizational Applications • Well pay Vs Sick pay • Employee Discipline • Developing Training programs • Self-management