President Eisenhower’s Modern Republicanism

1. President Eisenhower’s Modern Republicanism

2. Frustration with the stalemate in Korea & the Red Scare led to a Republican presidential takeover in the 1952 • WW2 hero Dwight Eisenhower provided an antidote for “K1C2” • VP Richard Nixon attacked communism & corruption • Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea & personally end the war Eisenhower’s Modern Republicanism Gov’t Corruption Korean War Communism Once elected, Ike did go to Korea, overturned the U.N. battle plan, & threatened China with nuclear war to get an armistice signed in 1953

3. Regarding McCarthyism, Ike provided McCarthy “just enough rope to hang himself” in 1954 • In the televised “Army hearings,” the nation saw McCarthy’s style & fact-less attacks • The Senate censured McCarthy & his “communist” attacks quickly died The Republicans in Power

4. Eisenhower Wages the Cold War

5. Ike was unusually well-prepared to be a Cold War president • Ike’s foreign policy goals were to: • Take a strong stand against Communism by using “massive retaliation”withnuclearweapons & covert CIA operations • To reduce defense spending & relax Cold War tensions Eisenhower & the Cold War WW2 military experience in Europe & Asia Excellent diplomat & politician Pragmatic & well organized Chose hard-liner John Foster Dulles to be Sec of State

6. Eisenhower wanted “more bang for the buck”: • Nuclear weapons & long-range delivery missiles were cheaper than conventional armed forces • “Massive retaliation” strategy made using nuclear weapons unlikely • But massive retaliation offered no intermediate course of action if diplomacy failed Massive Retaliation “Massive retaliation” meant targeting civilian targets rather than military ones Ike relied heavily on “brinksmanship” in which he used veiled threats of nuclear war to accomplish his goals

7. What are the stakes of war? Massive Retaliation? Mutual Assured Destruction?

8. In 1954, Eisenhower used a hard-line approach to stop Chinese expansion in Asia: • Chinese attempts to take over islands near Taiwan led Eisenhower to threaten nuclear war if China did not stop • Eisenhower hoped this pressure would drive a wedge between the USSR & communist China Chinese did not know if Ike was bluffing so China backed off this territorial expansion Massive Retaliation …and the refusal of the USSR to aid China added a rift between Russia & China by the end of the 1950s

9. In 1956, Egyptian leader Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal: • England&FranceinvadedEgypt to take back the canal but the USSR opposed this intervention • Eisenhower did not want the USSRtoattacksohethreatened Russia with nuclear war • England, France, & the USSR left Egypt & the U.S. became the leader in Middle East Massive Retaliation

10. The Suez Crisis revealed the vulnerability of the Middle East to Communism & Ike responded: • In1957,theEisenhowerDoctrine recommended U.S. armed force to protect the Middle East from Communist aggression • In 1957, Ike sent the military to Lebanon to halt Communism & install a pro-Western gov’t Eisenhower Doctrine Like the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America, the United States emerged as a police power in a new part of the world

11. Ike’s administration used covert CIA acts to expand U.S. control: • In 1953, the CIA overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran in favor of a U.S.-friendly shah • In 1954, the CIA overthrew a leftist regime in Guatemala • In 1959, the CIA took a hard-line against new Cuban dictator Fidel Castro after his coup Covert Actions These interventions led to anti-American hostilities in the Middle East & Latin America

12. The “space race” intensified the Cold War between USA & USSR • In 1957, the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik led to fears that the USSR was leading the race to create intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) • The U.S. sped up it plans to buildICBMs&IRBMsubmarines The Effects of Sputnik Khrushchev used Sputnik to put the U.S. on the defensive: “We will bury you. Your grandchildren will live under Communism.”

13. Sputnik ledto fears that America was growing soft & was losing its competitive edge & work ethic • The U.S. gov’t responded with: • National Aeronautics & Space Administration in 1958 • National Defense Education Act was created to promote math, science, & technology education The Effects of Sputnik The advanced placement (AP) program is a byproduct of the NDEA!

14. The Original Seven—Mercury Astronauts Alan Shepard was the 1st American in space Sputnik in 1957

15. Ike tried to end the nuclear arms race as both sides tested hydrogen bombs & ICBMs • In 1953, Eisenhower called for disarmament & presented his “Atoms for Peace” plan to the United Nations • In 1955, Khrushchev rejected Eisenhower’s “open skies” plan for weapons disarmament Waging Peace

16. In his farewell address in 1960, Eisenhower warned against the Military-Industrial Complex: • The massive military spending that dominate domestic & foreign politics Military-Industrial Complex This military-industrial complex is part of the reason for the Soviet demise in the late 1980s & end of the Cold War in 1991

17. By 1960, the American people were more optimistic than in 1950 • Americans were no longer afraid of a return of another Great Depression • Anxiety over the Cold War continued but was not as severe Conclusions

18. LBJ as well Kennedy’s Cold War

19. The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1st to use TV debates: • Nixon was much better known buttheTVdebates helped swing undecided voters towards JFK • 1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics • Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates But, it was not the 1st time TV influenced politics… JFK’s New Frontier McCarthy was destroyed by TV in the Army-Senate hearings Eisenhower used TV to campaign in 1952 & 1956

20. Kennedy’ administration reflected youth, energy, & sharp break from Eisenhower • JFK promised a New Frontier: • Domestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rights • A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union & winning the Cold War JFK’s New Frontier The JFK era began “Camelot” comparisons with JFK as a modern-day Lancelot

21. Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War

22. Addressing U.S. foreign policy & containing Communism was JFK’s top priority as president: • JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the Cold War could have been won • JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S. defenses • Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War

23. JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems: • Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs to create a “first-strike” capability • Increased the army & air force • Expanded covert operations & created the Green Berets Flexible Response JFK was convinced that the USSR had more missiles, but really the U.S. had the lead with 600 B-52s, 2 Polaris subs, 2,000 warheads To combat Communism & to help underdeveloped countries, JFK created the Peace Corps & the Alliance for Progress

24. JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon: • JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S. would get to the moon by 1970 • The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969 The Apollo Program The Space Race

25. JFK’s 1st confrontation with the Soviet Union came in Berlin: • Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers from East Germany to West Berlin • The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961 Crisis over Berlin

26. “Ich bin ein Berliner” —JFK, 1963

27. Vietnamprovedtobeatoughtest: • Since 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the South • The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Diem • When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963 Containment in Vietnam

28. Viet Minh are Vietnamese communists in North Vietnam Vietnam Viet Cong are Vietnamese communists in South Vietnam

29. Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959&developed ties with Russia • The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of Castro • In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the Bay of Pigs invasion Containing Castro: Bay of Pigs JFK blamed the Republicans for allowing a “communist satellite” to arise on “our very doorstep”

30. The invasion called for U.S. air support but JFK canceled the air strike; without air support, Castro squashed the invasion Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure of Bay of Pigs, but did not apologize for coup

31. To protect Cuba from another U.S. invasion, the USSR began a secret build-up of nuclear missiles On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile camps How would the U.S. respond? Cuban Missile Crisis 24 medium-range & 18 short range ICBMs Immediate air strike? Full-scale invasion? Kennedy chose to “quarantine” Cuba to keep new missiles out & an invasion of Cuba if the USSR did not remove its nukes Diplomacy: trade nukes in Cuba for nukes in Turkey? Naval blockade to keep warheads out?

32. Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba The Cuban Missile Crisis

33. The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban missiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cuba • The impact of the crisis: • SeenasapoliticalvictoryforJFK • Installed a “hot line” to improve US-Soviet communications • This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from confrontation to negotiation And…U.S. removal of nuclear weapons in Turkey Cuban Missile Crisis

34. On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP Lyndon Johnson became president: • LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting results • LBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agenda • LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic & racial equality "Let Us Continue" LBJ helped push through the greatest array of liberal legislation in U.S. history (“Great Society”), surpassing FDR’s New Deal

35. Americans were stunned this rapid succession of events

36. In 1964, LBJ ran against: • Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stance • Segregationist George Wallace • LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of Congress for 1st time in 25 years The Election of 1964

37. Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

38. LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too: • He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the Dominican Republic • LBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards Vietnam • But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from Congress, the media, & universities LBJ Escalates the Vietnam War “I am not going to lose Vietnam. I am not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.” —LBJ

39. During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS Maddox • The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to: • Defend Vietnam at any cost • Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion LBJ Escalates the Vietnam War

40. 1965 marked the beginning of full-scaleU.S.involvement in Vietnam • LBJ was informed that “without U.S. action, defeat is inevitable” • LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam & requested 50,000U.S.soldierssenttoAsia • LBJ never explained to the American people how the gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam Escalation LBJ’s advisors wanted 100,000 troops in 1965 & a plan for 100,000 more in 1966; Estimations were 500 U.S. deaths per month LBJ took middle road of limited U.S. intervention: not a withdrawal & not a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam

41. By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communism • U.S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were ineffective • Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North Vietnam • Reckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civilians • The bloody stalemate & media depictionofthewarledtoprotests Stalemate

44. The early 1960s under JFK represented consume spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at home The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society) But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the onset of the counter-culturemovementby1968 Conclusions