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Ch. 18 : The Enlightenment & the American Revolution

Ch. 18 : The Enlightenment & the American Revolution. Enlightenment and Political Revolutions (1700’s). 1. Describe life in the Colonies during the reign of King George III ?.

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Ch. 18 : The Enlightenment & the American Revolution

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  1. Ch. 18: The Enlightenment & the American Revolution Enlightenment and Political Revolutions (1700’s)

  2. 1. Describe life in the Colonies during the reign of King George III? • Male property owners in the Colonies shared the same rights/freedoms as their counterparts in Great Britain • Each colony had a governor and a colonial legislature (made laws)

  3. 2. How did the French & Indian War lead to greater conflict between England and the Colonies? • England accumulated a massive debt financing this war with France • The Parliament (British Legislature – similar to our U.S. Congress) decided to raise taxes and tighten its traderestrictions on the Colonies • From 1763 – 1773, England passed a series of new taxes on the Colonies that angered many colonists

  4. 3. Describe the Stamp Act (1765) • This was a tax on most printed documents (including newspapers) • 1st time that Parliament levied a tax just for the purpose of raising money (all previous taxes were for regulating trade) • The colonists were used to the previous taxes and accepted them (mercantilism) • The colonists protested this new stamp tax • The colonists felt that they shouldn’t be taxed by Parliament since no colony had any representatives in it (see q. #5)

  5. 4. Describe the concept of Mercantilism • The Colonies existed as a source of raw materials for British goods • The Colonies also existed as a market for these finished British goods • This was an accepted trade practice between Great Britain and the Colonies

  6. 5. Describe the concept of ‘no taxation w/out representation’ • The Colonies felt that British Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies since the colonies did not have any representatives that went to Parliament to discuss and vote on these new taxes

  7. 6. What year did the American Revolution begin • 1775

  8. 7. How did Enlightenment thinkers influence T.J.? • He wrote the Declaration of Independence • He borrowed the concept of natural rights (life, liberty, & property) created by John Locke • T.J. included in the D.O.I. that all men are created equal with certain inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

  9. 8. How did Montesquieu influence the Constitution? • Virginia delegate James Madison borrowed Montesquieu’s concept of separation of powers when he suggested that we divide our government into 3 separate branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) • He also suggested that each branch be able to check the powers of the other 2

  10. 9. Describe each of the 3 social classes under King Louis XVI? • 1st Estate(1% of population) • Clergy – Roman Catholic Church • Owned 15% of the land and didn’t pay a taille (French tax) • 2nd Estate(1% of population) • Wealthy Nobles – aristocracy who owned 20% of the land & also didn’t have to pay a taille • 3rd Estate(98% of population) • Bourgeoisie (wealthy middle class), Workers/Servants, Skilled Craftspeople, Peasants • This group paid 100% of the taxes!

  11. 10. Describe why the 3rd Estate withdrew from the Estates General to form the National Assembly? • The members of the 3rd Estate had the most representatives in the Estates General but had the least amount of voting power • They demanded that this disparity be corrected • When the 1st & 2nd Estates refused, the 3rd Estate broke away to form the Nat’l. Assembly

  12. 11. What violent event marked the beginning of the French Revolution? • Members of the 3rd Estate that lived in Paris displayed their anger at the 1st & 2nd Estates by storming the Bastille (a hated prison in Paris that came to symbolize the power/corruption of the 1st & 2nd Estates)

  13. 12. Describe the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizens issued by the National Assembly of 1789? • In August of 1789, the National Assembly created this revolutionary document • Based on Enlightenment ideas, it called for universal freedom of speech, religion, & justice • ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!’ became the main slogan

  14. 13. What did the Assembly do in 1790, 1791, & 1792? • In an effort to reduce the power of the clergy & nobles… • 1790 – took away privileges of the clergy • 1791 – issued a constitution limiting the powers of the monarch & aristocracy • 1792 – overthrew the monarchy

  15. 14. Describe the rise to power & rule of Napolean? • Short-statured military leader who gained popularity among the French people by winning a series of military victories over foreign leaders who attacked France in support of the French Monarch from 1795 – 1799 • 1800 – he became 1st Consul • 1804 – he became Emperor

  16. 15. Identify the revolutions in Latin America that were influenced by the American & French Revolution? • Haiti won its independence from France in 1804 • Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821 • Brazil won its Independence from Portugal in 1822 • Colonies of South America won their independence from Spain in 1824

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