Chapter 16 and 17 Review

1. Chapter 16 and 17 Review December 8, 2008

2. Question 1 • Define argument by cause, and explain the tests of this type of argument. •  Argument by cause connects two elements or event, and claims one is produced by the other. • There are two forms: from effect to cause and from cause to effect. • The tests are: 1) does a causal relationship exist? 2) could the presumed cause produce the effect? 3) could the effect result from other causes?

3. Question 2 • Describe competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism. Why are each important in establishing credibility? • Competence: listener’s view on the speaker’s qualifications to speak on particular topic • Trustworthy: listener’s view about a speaker’s honesty and objectivity • Dynamism: listener’s view of speaker’s confidence, enthusiasm, and delivery • They all reflect how the listener views the speaker’s credibility.

4. Question 3 • Describe Monroe’s motivated sequence. • It is pattern of persuasion: • Get audience’s attention • Establishing a need • Offering a proposal satisfying the need • Inviting listeners to visualize the results • Requesting action

5. Question 4 • Describe the three modes of persuasion, ethos, logos, and pathos. • Ethos: speaker’s credibility and reputation • Logos: logical appeal • Pathos: emotional appeal

6. Question 5 • Explain argument by authority and the tests of this type of argument. •  Argument by authority uses testimony from an expert source to prove a speaker’s claim. • The tests are: • is the source an expert? 2) is the source unbiased?

7. Question 6 • Explain argument by example. Be sure to include the tests of argument by example and include a definition of inductive argument. • Argument by example is an inductive argument. • Inductive argument use a few instances to prove a point. • The test of argument by example is: 1) are the examples true? 2) are they relevant? 3) are they sufficient? 4) are they representative?

8. Question 7 • Explain primacy theory and recency theory. What do they both agree about? • Primacy recommends that you put your strongest argument first to establish a strong first impression. • Recency recommends you present your strongest arguments last, leaving your listeners with your strongest argument. • The weakest arguments should go in the middle.

9. Question 8 • Explain the format of a deductive argument, including all key terms. Also, please include the test of argument by deduction. • A deductive argument says that what is generally true will be true in a specific instance. • The pattern of this argument is called a syllogism. • It includes: • a major premise (the general claim), • the minor premise (the specific claim) • the conclusion (connection between premises). • The tests are: • do the premises relate to one another? 2) Is the major premise true? 3) is the minor premise true?

10. Question 9 • Pick two of the following persuasive speaking strategies: establish your credibility, focus your goals, connect with your listeners, organize your arguments, support your ideas, and enhance your emotional appeals. Explain these two strategies and their importance. • Establish your credibility: the first available source of persuasion is how credible you are • Focus your goals: persuasion is more likely if you goals are limited rather than global (minor change in attitudes and behaviors) • Connect with your listeners: persuasion is more likely if you establish a common ground with your audience • Organize your arguments: most people are inefficient listeners; an organized speech is more likely to be remembered • Support your ideas: a well supported speech provides an ethical underpinning and increases your credibility • Enhance your emotional appeals: tapping audience values, using vivid examples, using emotive language, use effective delivery enhance your emotional appeal

11. Question 10 • The Pyramid of Persuasion shows the relationships between behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values. Explain how this is valuable when constructing a persuasive speech. •  Organizing the relationships can help you make connections and formulate the specific purpose of your speech. • This will help you better organize your speech so you can affect your audience.

12. Question 11 • Three types of persuasive speeches are: speech to convince, speech to actuate, speech to inspire. Describe each. • Speech to convince: influence beliefs or attitudes • Speech to actuate: influence behaviors • Speech to inspire: influence feelings

13. Question 12 • What are the requirement of a proposition? Make sure to define proposition in your answer. • A proposition is a declarative sentence expressing a judgment that you want the audience accept. Requirements: 1) propostions express a judgment; 2) propositions are debateable; 3) propositions require proof

14. Question 13 • What challenges are there in persuasive speaking? How can these challenges be avoided? • You will be asked to select topics, voice your beliefs, and test your ideas for validity. • If you do this seriously and research thoroughly, instead of being a challenge it can enhance your critical thinking abilities as well as your speaking skills.

15. Question 14 • What does it mean to refute? Outline the four-step refutational strategy. • Refute: dispute, to counter one argument with another • Four steps: 1) state the position you are refuting 2) state your position 3) support your position 4) show how your position undermines the opposing argument

16. Question 15 • What is a fallacy? Explain your answer using at least five of the ten fallacies of argument • Hasty generalization • False analogy • Post hoc ergo propter hoc • Slippery slope • Red herring • Appeal to tradition • False dilemma • False authority • Bandwagon • Ad hominem

17. Question 16 • What is argument by analogy? What test can be used for this type of argument? • Argument by analogy is a comparison. • It links two objects or concepts and says what would be true of one will be true of the other. • The test is: • are they similar enough that what is true for one is true for another?

18. Question 17 • What is credibility? Explain the differences between initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility. • Credibility is the degree to which listeners believe a speaker. • Initial credibility: image or reputation before the speech • Derived: developed as he or she speaks • Terminal: after speech

19. Question 18 • What is evidence? • Evidence is supporting material a speaker uses to prove a point.

20. Question 19 • What is persuasion? What are the three types of influence discussed in Chapter 16? Describe each one. • Persuasion is the process of influencing another person’s attitudes, behaviors, values, or beliefs. The three types are change, instill, and intensify. Change is altering an already formed belief. Instill is to persuade about an issue that your audience is unfamiliar with. Intensify is to increase an already held opinion.

21. Question 20 • What three steps does an argument include? • make a claim • offer evidence • shows how the evidence proves the claim