Nationalism & Democracy Around the World

1. Nationalism & Democracy Around the World Unit 3 Chapters 19 & 20

2. Time Period 1800-1914 • This unit covers the time from Napoleon’s rule to the beginning of World War I • As our European nations spread their influence, so too do the ideas of the Enlightenment and French Revolution spread as well Background Information

3. Three main beliefs dominated Europe from 1800 – 1914 • Conservatism • Liberalism • Nationalism Dominant Political Beliefs

4. Who belonged to the group called conservatives? • Absolute monarchs & their governments • Noble landowners • Church leaders • Peasants Conservatism

5. Throne Land Conservatism Altar

6. What were the goals of conservatives? • Turn back the clock to pre-1789 • Restore all monarchs to their thrones • Maintain the privileged social classes • Keep peace & stability through tradition • Maintain state run religion • Maintain obedience to political authority Conservatism

7. Conservatives fought against • Constitutional governments • The notion of natural rights (Locke) • Freedom of the press • Nationalist protests Conservatism

8. Who belonged to the group called liberals? • Business owners • Bankers • Lawyers • Newspaper editors • writers Liberalism

9. What were the goals of liberals? • To achieve Enlightenment ideas • To have natural rights • To have written constitutions • To give increased power to the middle class • To hold elections • To have religious toleration • To have separation of powers Liberalism

10. Liberalism

11. Liberals fought against • Divine right monarchs • The privileged upper classes • The established church • Universal suffrage (until much later in time!) • They believed it would lead to mob rule! Liberalism

12. Who belonged to the group called nationalists? • Anyone who believed that each nationality should have their own nation-state Nationalism

13. What were the goals of nationalists? • To unite people with common language, customs & institutions into a nation-state. • Each nation-state would have its own leader/government and defined borders • Example: In the 1700’s Hungarians were ruled by the Austrians as part of the Austrian Empire. Hungarians wanted their own country and government. Nationalism

14. Nationalists fought against • The current political order • Conservatism • But…. nationalists and liberals often “combined forces” if it could lead to both groups achieving their goals. Nationalism

15. Other important information to remember • Nationalism becomes THE MOST dominant force of the 19th & 20th centuries • Nationalism is usually positive • Nationalism in its extreme form can become negative and lead to disruption/destruction of a society • Pride ≠ Justification of all actions Nationalism

16. “In the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna, the great powers sought to silence liberal and nationalist demands. But simmering discontent erupted in three major revolutionary outbreaks- in the 1820’s, 1830’s and 1848” • Quote from the old global book, p. 110 Europe 1815 - 1850

17. “When France Sneezes, Europe Catches a Cold” Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

18. The French monarch Charles X was overthrown by liberals • A constitutional monarchy was established • The new French king was Louis-Philipe • Louis-Philippe was supported by the upper-middle class France 1830

19. Belgium had been made part of the Dutch Republic in 1815 as part of the Congress of Vienna • Belgians and Dutch speak different languages, practice different religions & in general have different customs • Belgium revolted and created their own independent state • One of the few successes! Belgium 1830

20. Poland had been “wiped off the map” by Austria, Prussia & Russia in the 1700’s • Most Poles lived in the Russian Empire • The Poles revolted against Russia in an attempt to form their own nation (like they had before) • Russia, under Czar Nicholas I, crushed the revolt Poland 1830

21. The northern Italian States had been placed under Austrian control at the Congress of Vienna • The Italian states revolted against Austria • The Austrian Empire invaded and ended the revolts Italian States 1830

22. Economic problems were (again) a trigger for revolution • Lower-middle class, workers, and peasants were hardest hit • Louis-Philippe refused to make all reforms the upper-middle class liberals wanted • Opposition to his rule grows • Then….. France 1848

23. Radicals overthrow the monarchy in 1848 • Radicals create a temporary government • A new constitution was written (again) • Universal male suffrage was adopted • The Second Republic was created • Violence continued …. France 1848

24. In December 1848, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon was elected President • What happened the last time a Bonaparte ruled? • What do you think will happen this time? France 1848

25. Louis-Napoleon will become Napoleon III • He will end the Second Republic in 1852 and begin the Second Empire with much public approval! France 1848

26. Austria and Prussia dominated the Confederation of the Rhine since the Congress of Vienna • Many of the other German states were pressured by liberals and nationalists to make changes • The idea of a united Germany begins to take hold…but…. The German States 1848

27. The ruler of Prussia, Frederick William IV refuses to take part in a liberal government where his powers will be limited • The push for unification and a constitutional monarchy fails (for now) The German States 1848

28. The Austrian Empire had many ethnic groups (see map on p. 628) under the rule of the Hapsburg dynasty • In 1848 many groups rebelled including: • Hungarians • Czechs • Italians • Slovaks Austrian Empire 1848

29. With the help of the Russians, Austria suppressed all of the ethnic groups who rebelled Austrian Empire 1848

30. Italian Unification

31. In the 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy, a secret society to help free Italy from Austria’s control. • Mazzini is considered the soul of Italian unification for his commitment to unifying Italy throughout his life Italian Unification

32. In 1849, Mazzini set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but it was toppled by the French (they had troops in city protecting the Vatican) • In 1852, Victor Emmanuel (King of Piedmont-Sardinia) appointed Count CamilioCavour as his Prime Minister • Where Mazzini is the soul, Cavour is considered the mind behind unification. Italian Unification

33. Cavour’s changes and goals: • Improve agriculture • Build railroads • Support free trade • Get rid of Austrian power in Italy • Add Lombardy and Venetia to Sardinia Italian Unification

34. In 1858, Cavour makes an alliance with Napoleon III of France in order to make Sardinia-Piedmont strong enough to go to war against Austria • By 1859, Sardinia waged war against Austria and received help from France Italian Unification

35. Results: • Sardinia defeated Austria • Sardinia annexed Lombardy • Nationalist revolutions took place in northern Italian states and joined with Sardinia Italian Unification

36. In 1860, nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi recruited a force of over 1,000 men called the Red Shirts • Garibaldi and his Red Shirts won control of Sicily & took control of Naples on the mainland of Italy Italian Unification

37. In 1861, in a patriotic move, Garibaldi gave Naples and Sicily to Sardinia-Piedmont and crowned Victor Emmanuel I the King of Italy! • Garibaldi is considered the heart of the unification movement Italian Unification

38. Cavour dies, but unification continues…. • In 1866, after the Austro-Prussian war Italy got Venetia from a deal with Bismark (the German Chancellor) –and- • In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian war Italian troops entered Rome and took the city • Unification is complete!! Italian Unification

39. Would not have occurred without the heart, mind and soul of Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi! Italian Unification

40. German Unification

41. “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power….The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions- that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron” • “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong” • Otto von Bismark German Unification

42. During the rule of Napoleon from 1807 – 1812, Napoleon makes changes in German speaking lands including: • He dissolves the Holy Roman Empire • He organizes a number of German states into a French controlled Rhine Confederation • He enforces the Napoleonic Code • And when the Germans fought together to get rid of Napoleon they felt unified! German Unification

43. At the 1815 Congress of Vienna the conservative leaders set up a German Confederation • By 1834, Prussia creates and economic union called the Zollverein which got rid of tariffs between the German states (and as a result increased cooperation!) German Unification

44. During the 1848 time of revolts, the Frankfurt Assembly tried to unite the German states under the Prussian King Frederick William IV. • He refuses the offer because it is from the “gutter” or the common people. • Even though he refuses the offer, the stage is set for Prussian leadership and German unification. German Unification

45. In 1862, Otto von Bismarck becomes Chancellor of Prussia. • He begins his theory of “blood and iron” and “realpolitik” to unify the German states under Prussian rule. German Unification

46. Between 1862-1864 Bismarck diverts funds ($) to build a strong military (iron) and starts to push faster for the unification of Prussia (blood). He uses brutal political maneuvers, going against the wishes of the liberal legislature to get what he wants done (realpolitik)! German Unification

47. The 3 wars of German unification: • 1864  Prussia vs Denmark • 1866  Prussia vs Austria • 1870  Prussia vs France German Unification

48. German Unification

49. #1 Prussia vs. Denmark (1864) • Bismarck makes a military alliance with Austria and convinces them to declare war on Denmark to “liberate” the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein which were inhabited by Germans. • Prussia and Austria win • Austria took Holstein and Prussia took Schleswig German Unification

50. #2 Prussia v. Austria (1866) • Bismarck made up an excuse to attack Austria and convinces King William I to do it. • The war lasted 7 weeks and Prussia won. • Prussia then takes Holstein from Austria along with several other north German states • Bismarck then created a Prussian dominated, North German Confederation, but allows Austria to keep its independence. German Unification