CARDIOVASCULAR,RESPIRATORY, AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS CHAPTER 15

1. CARDIOVASCULAR,RESPIRATORY, AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMSCHAPTER 15 A Presentation

2. CHAPTER 15 • FOCUSES ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR,LYMPHATIC,RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE,AND THE EXCRETORY SYSTEMS. • ALSO,DISCUSSED IS HOW TO MAINTAIN EACH SYSTEM AND THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH SYSTEM.

3. LESSON 1 THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPATHIC SYSTEM • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WHICH INCLUDES THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS,CIRCULATES BLOOD,ANF THE LYMPATHIC SYSTEM CIRCULATES LYMPH THROUGHOUT THE BODY. • BELLRINGER-WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE HEART?

4. WHY THE BLOOD CIRCULATES • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROVIDES NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN, CARRIES AWAY WASTES AND HELPS FIGHT DISEASE. • YOUR HEART PUMPS BLOOD TO YOUR BODY’S CELLS 24 HOURS A DAY, EVEN WHEN YOU’RE ASLEEP.

5. IMPORTANT TASKS • CARRYING OXYGEN FROM THE LUNGS TO BODY CELLS. • ABSORBING NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD AND DELIVERING THEM TO THE CELLS. • CARRYING BACK CARBON DIOXIDE,A WASTE GAS, FROM YOUR CELLS BACK TO THE LUNGS TO BE EXHALE.

6. 4.DELIVERING WASTE PRODUCTS TO THE KIDNEYS FOR REMOVAL FROM THE BODY. • 5.HELPING THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS FIGHT DISEASE BY ATTACKING INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS.

7. HOW BLOOD CIRCULATION WORKS

8. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE HEART, BLOOD , AND BLOOD VESSELS. • THIS SYSTEM DELIVERS BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY • IF BLOOD VESSELS WERE LAID END TO END, THEY WOULD STRETCH OVER 60,000 MILES. ENOUGH TO CIRCLE THE EARTH 2 ½ TIMES.

9. THE HEART YOUR HEART IS THE MUSCLE THAT MAKES THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM WORK. 4 CHAMBERS 2 TOP CHAMBERS ARE CALLED THA ATRIA. 2 LOWER CHAMBERS ARE CALLED VENTRICLES. A WALL OF TISSUE, THE SEPTUM, SEPARATES THE 4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART. VALVES BETWEEN THE ATRIA AND VENTRICLES ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW THROUGH THE CHAMBERS.

10. PACEMAKER-IS AN AREA OF MUSCLE LOCATED IN THE TOP RIGHT ATRIUM. • ELECTRICAL IMPULSES STIMULATES THE ATRIA TO CONTRACT, FOR THE BLOOD INTO THE VENTRICLES. • MUSCLES OF THE VENTRICLES TO CONTRACT, PUMPING BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART.

11. HOW BLOOD CIRCULATES • PULMONARY CIRCULATION-IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH BLOOD MOVES BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE LUNGS. • DURING THIS PROCESS, BLOOD THAT LAST LOST OXYGEN PICKS UP CARBON DIOXIDE. THE O RICH BLOOD THEN IS CIRCULATED AGAIN THROUGH THE BODY.

12. BLOOD

13. BLOOD • IS THE FLUID THAT DELIVERS OXYGEN,HORMONES,AND NUTRIENTS TO THE CELLS AND CARRIES AWAY WASTES. • BLOOD IS MADE UP OF THESE COMPONENTS: • PLASMA-ABOUT 55% OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME CONSISTS OF PLASMA.

14. PLASMA IS MAINLY WATER,BUT ALSO CONTAINS NUTRIENTS,PROTEINS,SALTS,AND HORMONES. • 2. RED BLOOD CELLS THESE CELLS MAKE UP ABOUT 40% OF NORMAL BLOOD. • THEY CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN, THE OXYGEN CARRYING PROTEIN IN BLOOD.

15. HEMPGLOBIN CONTAINS IRON BINDS • WITH O IN THE LUNGS AND RELEASES THE O IN THE TISSUES. ALSO, COMBINES WITH CD, WHICH IS CARRIED FROM THE CELLS TO THE LUNGS.

16. 3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS THESE CELLS PROTECT THE BODY AGAINST INFECTION. • 4. PLATELETS-ARE TYPES OF CELLS IN THE BLOOD THAT CAUSE CLOTS TO FORM. PLATELETS COLLECTS AT A TEAR. THE CLOT BLOCKS THE FLOW OF BLOOD AND DIRES TO FORM A SCAB.

17. TYPES OF BLOOD • ALL HUMANS HAVE 4 TYPES OF BLOOD. • A,B,AB,AND O • EACH BLOOD TYPE IS DETERMINED BY THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES CALLED ANTIGENS. • TYPE O BLOOD IS CALLED THE UNIVERSAL DONOR. BECAUSE ANYONE CAN RECEIVE THEIR BLOOD.

18. MOST BLOOD ALSO CARRIES SNOTHER SUBSTANCE CALLED THE RH FACTOR. • IF YOUR BLOOD CONTAINS THE RH FACTOR-IT IS RH POSITIVE • IF YOUR BLOOD DOES NOT CONTAIN THE RH FACTOR-IT IS RH NEGATIVE.

19. BLOOD VESSELS • 3 MAIN TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS:ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES, AND VEINS • ARTERIES-ARE BLOOD VESSELS THAT CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART. • ARTERIES ARE VESSELS THAT BRANCH INTO PROGRESSIVELY SMALLER VESSELS CALLED ARTERIOLES.

20. THE ARTERIOLES DELIVER BLOOD TO THE CAPILLARIES. • CAPILLARIES-ARE SMALL VESSELS THAT CARRY BLOOD FROM THE ARTERIOLES AND TO SMALL VESSELS, WHICH EMPTY INTO VEINS. • THEY ARE NEAR THE SKIN SURFACE

21. VEINS-ARE BLOOD VESSELS THAT RETURN BLOOD TO THE HEART. • WALLS OF THE VEINS ARE THINNER AND LESS ELASTIC THAT TOSE OF THE ARTERIES. • VENA CAVA-IS A LARGE VEIN THAT CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE RIGHT ATRIUM OF THE HEART.

22. PULMONARY VEINS CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LEFT ATRIUM. • VALVES HELP PREVENT A BACK FLOW OF BLOOD AS IT IS PUMPED BACK TO THE HEART.

23. HOW LYMPH CIRCULATION WORKS • THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM HELPS FIGHT INFECTION AND PROVIDES IMMUNITY TO DISEASE. • LOOK AT THE DIAGRAM ON PAGE 412. • THE NETWORK CONSISTS OF VESSELS AND TISSUES THAT MOVE AND FILTER LYMPH-THE CLEAR FLUID THAT FILLS THE SPACES AROUND THE BODY CELLS.

24. LYMPH CONTAINS WATER AND PROTEINS ALSO CONTAINS FATS AND SPECIALIZED WHITE BLOOD CELLS CALLED LYMPHOCYTES. THESE CELLS FIGHT AGAINST PATHOGENS. • PATHOGENS-IS A MICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES DISEASES. • 2 TYPES- B CELLS T CELLS

25. THE B CELLS MULTIPLY WHEN THEY COME IN CONTACT WITH A PATHOGEN. • 2 MAIN TYPES OF T CELLS • KILLER CELLS HELPER CELLS • THESE MULTIPLY AND ENLARGE WHEN THEY COME IN CONTACT WITH A PATHOGEN.

26. THE KILLER T CELLS RELEASE TOXINS THAT PREVENT INFECTIONS FROM SPREADING. • THE HELPER T CELL ACTIVATES BOTH THE B CELLS AND THE KILLER T CELLS. • LYMPH IS FILTERED BY LYMPH NODES-SMALL BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS FOUND IN LYMPH VESSELS.

27. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • INCLUDES CERTAIN ORGANS AND TISSUES- SUCH AS SPLEEN,THYMUS GLAND,TONSILS,ADENOIDS AND APPENDIX– THAT HEKP PROTECT THE BODY FROM INFECTION.

28. MAINTAINING YOUR CIRCULATORY HEALTH • HEALTHY HABITS CAN HELP PROTECT THE HEALTH OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS. • EAT A WELL-BALANCED DIET • MAINTAIN A HEALTHY WEIGHT • EXERCISE FOR AT LEAST 30 MINUTES 3 TO 4 TIMES A WEEK

29. 4.AVOID SECONDHAND SMOKE AND USING TOBACCO PRODUCTS. • 5.AVOID ILLEGAL DRUGS • 6. GET REGULAR MEDICAL CHECKUPS.

30. BLOOD PRESSURE • BLOOD PRESSURE-IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THAT THE BLOOD PLACES ON THE WALLS OF THE WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS,PARTICULARLY LARGE ARTERIES, AS IT PUMPED THROUGHOUT THE BODY.

31. A PRESSURE READING INCLUDES 2 NUMBERS • THE FIRST NUMBER MEASURES YOUR SYSTOLIC PRESSURE-THE MAXIMUM PRESSURE YOUR HEART CONTRACTS TO PUSH BLOOD INTO THE ARTERIES. • THE SECOND NUMBER MEASURES YOUR DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- THE PRESSURE AT ITS LOWEST POINT WHEN YOUR VENTRICLES RELAX.

32. NORMAL RANGE IS 120/80 • HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IS 140/90 • HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE PLACES STRESS ON THE HEART AND CAN LEAD TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.

33. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PROBLEMS • SOME CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS ARE INHERITED;OTHERS RESULT FROM ILLNESS,DIET, OR AGING. • CONGENTIAL HEART DEFECTS-ARE CONDITIONS OF THE HEART THAT ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH. • HEART MURMURS-ARE ABNORMAL SOUNDS THAT ARE MADE AS BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE HEART.

34. VARICOSE VEINS ARE FORMED AS RESULT OF THE VALUES IN VEINS NOT CLOSING TIGHTLY ENOUGH TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD. • ANEMIA IS A CONDITION IN WHICH THE ABILITY OF THE BLOOD TO CARRY OXYGEN IS REDUCED. • LOW IRON

35. HEMOPHILIA IS AN INHERITED DISORDER. THE BLOOD DOES NOT CLOT PROPERLY. • LEUKEMIA IS A FORM OF CANCER IN WHICH ANY ONE OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IS PRODUCED EXCESSIVELY AND ABNORMALLY.

36. LYMPATHIC SYSTEM PROBLEMS • PROBLEMS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CAN RANGE FROM MILD TO LIFE-TREATHENING. • TONSILLITIS-YOUR TONSILS HELP REDUCE THE NUMBER OF PATHOGENS ENTERING THE BODY THROUGH THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

37. IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IS A RESULT OF A WEAKENED IMMMUNE SYSTEM AND CAN NO LONGER PROTECT THE BODY FROM INFECTION. • HODGKIN’S DISEASE –HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA, THIS TYPE OF CANCER AFFECTS THE LYMPH TISSUE FOUNF IN LYMPH NODES AND SPLEEN

38. LESSON 2THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • BIG IDEA- THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY. • BELLRINGER-WHAT ARE THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

39. WHAT HAPPENS DURING RESPIRATION • THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY. • MAIN FUNCTION IS RESPIRATION, THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE BODY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

40. YOUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY AND PROVIDES IT WITH FRESH OXYGEN. • THE PROCESS OF RESPIRATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS. • EXTERNAL-OXYGEN MOVES FROM THE LUNGS INTO THE BLOOD, AND CARBON DIOXIDE MOVES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE LUNGS.

41. INTERNAL-OXYGEN MOVES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CELLS, AND CARBON DIOXIDE MOVES FROM THE CELLS INTO THE BLOOD. • OXYGEN FUELS THE BRAIN AND ALLOWS YOUR BODY TO METABOLIZE FOOD FOR THE ENERGY TO MOVE MUSCLES.

42. HOW RESPIRATION WORKS • THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE LUNGS, TRACHEA, AND DIAPHRAM. • YOUR LUNGS AUTOMATICALLY FILL WITH AIR AND EMPTIED IN A RHYTHMIC WAY. • BREATHING IS REGULATED BY THE BRAIN,WHICH SENDS IMPULSES TO STIMULATE THE MUSCLES INVOLVED IN RESPIRATION.

43. THE LUNGS ARE FOUND WITHIN THE CHEST CAVITY AND ARE PROTECTED BY THE RIBS. • IN THE BASE OF THE CHEST CAVITY IS THE DIAPHRAM-A MUSCLE THAT SEPARATES THE CHEST FROM THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

44. THE LUNGS • AIR MOVES INTO THE LUNGS THROUGH THE TRACHEA-OR WINDPIPE. • THE TRACHEA BRANCHES OUT INTO 2 BRONCHI-THE MAIN AIRWAYS THAT REACH INTO EACH LUNG. • BRONCIOLES-A NETWORK OF TUBES WHICH BRING AIR CLOSER TO THE SITE OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION.

45. ALVEOLI-MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES AT THE END OF EACH BRONCHIOLE. • THEY ARE THIN-WALLED AIR SACS COVERED WITH CAPILLARIES. • OTHER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES • CILIA-HAIARLIKE STRUCTURES THAT LINE THE MEMBRANE OF THE NOSE. • CILIA AND MUCUS HELP TO PREVENT FOREIGN PARTICLES FROM MOVING DEEPER INTO THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM.

46. PHARYNX-THROAT • TRACHEA-WINDPIPE • LARYNX-VOICE BOX CONNECTS THE THROAT TO THE TRACHEA. THE LARYNX CONTAINS THE VOCAL CORDS,TWO BANDS OF TISSUE THAT PRODUCE SOUND WHEN AIR IS FORCED BETWEEN THEM CAUSES THEM TO VIBRATE.

47. EPIGLOTTIS-IS A FLAP OF TISSUE LOCATED ABOVE THE LARYNX. IT FOLDS DOWN TO CLOSE OFF THE ENTRANCE TO THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA WHEN YOU SWALLOW. • IT KEEPS FOOD AND DRINK FROM ENTERING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. “ GOING DOWN THE WRONG PIPE”.

48. MAINTAINING YOUR RESPIRATORY HEALTH • CARING FOR YOUR LUNGS CAN PREVENT MANY RESPIRATORY DISORDERS. • RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS CAN AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS AND,IN TURN,MANY ASPECTS OF YOUR DAILY LIFE. • MOST IMPORTANT DECISION IS DON’T SMOKE

49. SMOKING DAMAGES ALL PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF LUNG CANCER. • TOBACCO USE ALSO REDUCES THE RATE OF LUNG GROWTH IN TEENS. • AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASES THE RISK OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH PROBLEMS AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER.

50. REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. • WASHING YOUR HANDS REGULARLY CAN HELP PREVENT INFECTIONS. • LIMIT YOUR EXPOSURE TO POLLUTANTS.