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Federal Government in H.E.

Explore the historical and evolving relationship between the federal government and higher education, from the establishment of military institutions to the implementation of the G.I. Bill. Discover how federal benefits and war have shaped educational opportunities for veterans.

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Federal Government in H.E.

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  1. Federal Government in H.E. • Benjamin Rush – 1st U.S. Surgeon General • Called for a National University but questioned if that was the federal govt’s. purpose • George Washington and President’s up to Andrew Jackson supported idea • 1st Morrill Act gave out land • 2nd Morrill Act gave out money • Started Military Institutions: West Point (1802), Naval Academy (1821), Coast Guard Academy (1900) , Merchant Marine Academy (1943), Air Force Academy (1955)

  2. Federal Govt. in H.E. Cont’d • War • Initiated war-inspired requirements • Morrill Act Institutions must have military training • In 1st World War draft started • Deferred from service if majoring in science, technology, and medical related • In 2nd World War military had draft but deferred based on test • The expertise of college faculty was made to the war • Cold war: Faculty did the scientific research that the government wanted ex. Manhattan Project • G.I. Bill: changed the whole pattern of American Higher Education • Direct funding to students, which then came back to schools in tuition

  3. Federal Benefits and War • Veterans’ Benefits • Pilgrims declared in 1636: “If any person shall be sent forth as a soldier and shall return maimed he shall be maintained completely by the Colony during his life” • Revolutionary War: 1st formal veteran’s package introduced • Life-long pensions for both disabled veterans and children of those killed in battle • War of 1812 to the Spanish American War • Benefits given out for service • Ex. Gifts of land out west

  4. Federal Benefits and War • Educational Benefits • Rehabilitation Act of 1919: give disabled WWI veterans a monthly education stipend to compensate for the delay of or missing training towards vocation” • Act only included veterans who were disabled • Protest • In 1932, 15,000 angry veterans suffering from depression marched on Washington: “Bonus Army” • Sought cashing of credits they were issued upon discharge

  5. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill) • Signed by Roosevelt in 1944 • Reason for Act • High unemployment and economic depression • Large number of veterans returning to the workforce • 1943: National Resources Planning Board studied workforce needs • Recommended a education and training program to ease the stress on society and the economy • Actions • Federal govt. took recommendations seriously to avoid the mass unemployment in WWI

  6. G.I. Bill cont’d. • Ivy-league college presidents concerned over flood of returning veterans on campuses • Havard’s James B. Conant was concerned about their capacity to do college-level work • Opinions changed as faculty and administrators found veteran students to be “serious, perceptive, and steady” • At Stanford, with the presence of veterans, the average GPA increased and absenteeism decreased • Fellow students referred to them as “DARS” – Damn Average Raisers • G.I. Bill enrollment • 8,200 in 1944 • 88,000 in 1945 • Nearly a million in 1946 (almost half of all college students)

  7. Federal Govt’ and Aid • Prior to 1930s most federal aid went to states and public institutions • In 1930s granted assistance to give to private institutions • Individual Assistance • National Youth Organization : 1935-1943 • G.I. Bill • Contract Research • Long-term loans for construction of dorms • Funds to public education: for all grades in D.C. • Donations to Galludet and Howard Universities • Student exchange programs: Fulbright Act of 1940

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