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Anatomy-The structure

Anatomy-The structure. Physiology – How it works. I. Anatomy. A. Gross – Collective (whole). B. Microscopic anatomy. 1. Cytology - cellular. 2. Histology – study of tissue. C. Levels of biological organization. 1. chemical level. 2. cellular level.

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Anatomy-The structure

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  1. Anatomy-The structure Physiology – How it works I. Anatomy A. Gross – Collective (whole) B. Microscopic anatomy 1. Cytology - cellular 2. Histology – study of tissue

  2. C. Levels of biological organization 1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level – mass of cells performing a similar function 4. Organ – two or more tissues 5. System – several organs 6. Organism – all systems

  3. D. Life Processes 1. Metabolism – sum of all chemical processes a. Catabolism – breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules b. Anabolism – use of energy from catabolism to build vital structures, functional parts 2. Excitability – ability to respond

  4. 3. Conductivity – ability to transfer an impulse from one cell to another 4. Contractility – ability to generate a force resulting in shortening 5. Growth – increase in size

  5. 6. Differentiation – unspecialized cells become specialized 7. Reproduction – formation of new cells for growth, replacement or production of a new individual http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

  6. E. Systematic Anatomy 1. Integumentary - skin 2. Skeletal – bones, cartilage and joints 3. Muscular – muscles and tendons http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cin/skin.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cin/cin.htm&h=640&w=480&sz=64&hl=en&start 4. Nervous – brain, spinal nerves, sensory nerves, sensory organs http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bp0.blogger.com/_voA4LI_mxzE/R1TJ7GU6UAI/AAAAAAAAAGY/rYPbbwF2_vA/s320/Muscular_System.jpg&img 5. Endocrine – glands and tissue that secrete hormones http://www.chirosolutions.com.au/images/ANS.gif http://www.massgeneral.org/cancer/crr/types/endocrine/images/ENDOCRINE_Front.jpg

  7. 6. Cardiovascular – blood, heart and vessels 7. Respiratory – lungs and pathways http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archimede/files/e8ebe68d-1ee7-4e8e-b018-852786824b4d/23201000.jpg 8. Reproductive – organs that produce gametes and the organs that nourish/transfer them http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/528px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png 9. Digestive – Gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs http://images.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&safe=active&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+system&start=20&sa=N&ndsp=20 10. Urinary –kidneys, bladder, urethra – production and elimination of waste http://images.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&safe=active&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+system&start=20&sa=N&ndsp=20 11. Lymphatic – organs and tissue of the white blood cells - immunity http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f24-1_lymphatic_system_c.jpg

  8. II. Anatomic Terminology A. Anatomic position 1. Planes and sections a. Sagittal plane – divides into right and left parasagittal – unequal, offset from the midline Midsagittal – equal, down the midline b. Frontal (coronal) – divides into anterior and posterior c. Transverse (horizontal or cross) – divides into superior and inferior d. Oblique - diagonal

  9. B. Directional terms 1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Ventral 4. Dorsal 5. Superior 6. Inferior 7. Proximal 8. Distal 9. Medial 10. Lateral 11. Superficial 12. Deep

  10. III. Body Cavities A. Dorsal – near back, posterior 1. Cranial - skull 2. Spinal – cavity within vertebrae containing spinal card B. Ventral – anterior, divided by diaphragm into: 1. Thoracic – chest cavity a. Pleural – 2, one for each lung b. Pericardial – surrounding the heart c. Mediastinum – all structures in thoracic except the lungs (heart, attached large arteries & veins, thymus, trachea, esophagus

  11. 2. Abdominopelvic – lower portion, abdominal and pelvic, between diaphragm and pelvis, lined with peritoneum a. Organs – digestive and reproductive b. Quadrants – four, used in medicine

  12. c. Regions – anatomy uses nine (pg.18) 1. Umbilical 2. Epigastric 3. Hypogastric 4. Inguinal – right and left 5. Lumbar – right and left 6. Hypochondral – right and left

  13. Anatomic Regions

  14. IV. Homeostasis – condition in which balance is maintained in the body’s internal environment (remains within certain physiological limits) A. Composition – interstitial fluid 1. Gases - O2 and CO2 2. Nutrients – blood sugar, lipids, amino acids 3. Electrolytes – pH, Na+ and Cl-

  15. B. Stress – stimulus that creates an imbalance (most are mild) 1. External - heat, cold, lack of oxygen 2. Internal – high blood pressure, tumors, unpleasant thoughts 3. Extreme – poisons, sugar, over exposure to heat C. Control – nervous and endocrine systems 1. Nervous – detects and sends messages to counteract 2. Endocrine – sends hormones

  16. D. Feedback – information is monitored and feedback given to the central control region. 1. Receptor – sends input to control center 2. Control center – determines controlled condition 3. Effector – sends response

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