The Reformation Continues

1. The Reformation Continues Chapter 17 Section 4 Pg. 433

2. Who started the Reformation? • Martin Luther • What was Martin Luther upset about? • The selling of indulgences • What are indulgences? • Free pass for sins • Why did Henry VIII leave the church? • Wanted a divorce (a son) • What is a protestant? • A Christian who doesn’t recognize the pope as the head of the church

3. Calvin Begins another Protestant Church • John Calvin just 12 years old the year Martin Luther stood trial at Worms • Born in France, Calvin grew up to have as much influence as Martin did • 1536 published book, Institutes of Christian Religion -Expressed ideas about God, salvation, human nature -Created a system of Protestant theology

4. John Calvin

5. Calvin thought people were sinful by nature and couldn’t earn Salvation • Believed in Predestination- God knows from the beginning of time who will be saved, those people are called the “elect” • Religion based on Calvin’s teachings called Calvinism

6. Calvinism • Believed ideal government was a theocracy (a government controlled by religious leaders) • Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city- he did so with strict rules • Everyone attended religious class, couldn’t wear bright clothing or play cards • Authorities imprison or excommunicate anyone breaking rules

7. John Knox • People were burned at the stake, if preached differently • To many protestants, Geneva was an ideal city • John Knox, preacher from Scotland put the same ideas into Scottish towns after visiting Geneva

8. Calvinism Spreads • Protestant nobles, led by Knox succeeded in making Calvinism Scotland’s official religion • Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians • Swiss, Dutch and French reformers adopted Calvinist form of church organization • Although many protestant churches trace roots to Calvin, they have softened Calvin’s strict teachings

9. http://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/Reformations441/EuropeanReligions1560.jpghttp://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/Reformations441/EuropeanReligions1560.jpg

10. Huguenots • In France, Calvin's followers were called Huguenots • Hatred between Catholics and Huguenots led to violence • On one occasion, mobs of Catholics began hunting for Protestants and brutally murdered them after a Catholic feast known as St. Bartholomew’s Day

11. Other Reformers • Protestants taught that people should read the bible, as it was the source for truth • Christians start interpreting the bible for themselves=new Protestant groups form based on those beliefs

12. Anabaptists • Believed in baptizing only adults who choose to be Christian • Believed church and state should be separate • Refused to fight in wars • Viewed by Catholics and Protestants as radicals who threaten society • The forerunners of the Amish and Mennonites, influencing the quakers

13. Mostly live in northeastern part of US

14. Women of Reformation • Marguerite Navarre, sister of King Francis I, protected John Calvin for being executed while in France • Martin Luther’s wife, Katherina, managed family finances and argued with her husband about women’s equal role in marriage

15. The Catholic Reformation • While Protestant churches had many followers, millions were true to the Catholic church • Helping Catholics stay loyal was a movement within the church called the Catholic Reformation

16. Ignatius of Loyola • Grew up in fathers castle in Loyola, Spain • Turning point in his life came while recovering from an injury during war • Thought about his sins and life of Jesus • Wrote book called Spiritual Exercises, laying out a day to day plan of prayer, study and meditation

17. For next 18 years, Ignatius gathered followers • 1540, the pope made his followers a religious order called the Society of Jesus • Members were called Jesuits • Concentrated on 3 activities: 1)found superb schools throughout Europe 2)convert non-Christians to Catholicism 3) stop Protestantism from spreading

18. Reforming Popes • 2 popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church • Pope Paul III called a council of church leaders to meet in Trent, Italy • Known as Council of Trent Pope Paul III

19. Council of Trent • Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines: -church’s interpretation of the bible is final, anyone interpreting different was a heretic -Christians need faith and good works for salvation- not just faith as Luther suggested -Bible and church tradition equal authorities for guiding Christian life -indulgences valid expressions of faith

20. Pope Paul IV • Paul IV, another reforming pope carried out councils decrees • Made a list of books considered to be dangerous to Catholic faith- Index of Forbidden Books • Bishops ordered to burn them (along with Protestant Bibles) • In 1 day, 10,000 books burned in Venice

21. Index of Forbidden Books

22. Legacy of the Reformation • Reformation had lasting effects: • Protestant churches flourish • Religion no longer unites Europe • Church power declines • Individual monarchs and states gain power • Help set the stage for the modern world

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