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Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates

Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates. Outline. Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis Negative Feedback Positive Feedback. Levels of Organization. Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar function

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Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates

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  1. Animal Organization & Homeostasis

  2. Types of Epithelial Tissuesin the Vertebrates

  3. Outline • Tissue Types • Epithelial • Connective • Muscular • Nervous • Organs • Organ Systems • Homeostasis • Negative Feedback • Positive Feedback

  4. Levels of Organization • Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar function • Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized function • Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning together • Organism - A collection of organ systems

  5. Types of Tissues • Four major vertebrate tissue types • Epithelial • Connective • Muscular • Nervous

  6. Types of Epithelial Tissuesin the Vertebrates

  7. Epithelial Tissue • Epithelial tissue: • Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces • Lines inner cavities • Forms glands • Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities • Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream • Covers abdominal organs • Three types of epithelial tissues: • Squamous – Flat cells • Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells • Columnar – Pillar-shaped cells

  8. Connective Tissue • Connective tissues consist of: • Fibroblast cells • A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers • Loose fibrous connective tissue • Allows organs to expand • Dense fibrous connective tissue • Strong connective tissue • Tendons • Ligaments

  9. Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue

  10. Connective Tissue • Adipose Tissue • Insulates the body and provides padding • Cartilage • Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix • Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrix

  11. Connective Tissue Examples

  12. Connective Tissue • Compact Bone • Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers • Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunae • Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)

  13. Blood • Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma) • Red blood cells - erythrocytes • White blood cells - leukocytes • Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells • Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes

  14. Blood, a Liquid Tissue

  15. Muscular Tissue • Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments • Cells are called muscle fibers • Skeletal Muscle • Voluntary - Long, striated fibers • Smooth Muscle • Involuntary - No striations • Cardiac Muscle • Striated, but mostly involuntary • Bound by intercalated disks

  16. Muscular Tissue

  17. Nervous Tissue • Nervous Tissue: neurons-specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses. • Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon • Dendrites (like antennae) receive signals from sensory receptors. • Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles. • Axons conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body. • Myelin-white matter • Unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites-grey matter • A nerve is a bundle of axons bound together by connective tissue. • Neuroglia support and nourish neurons

  18. Neurons

  19. Nervous Tissue • Nervous system regulates body response to stimuli and has three main functions • Sensory input • Sensory (afferent) carrying impulses from the body to the CNS • Transmit info to the spinal cord • Data integration • Spinal cord and brain integrate • Decision is made regarding appropriate response • Motor output-(efferent) • Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle) • Effector initiates actual response

  20. Neurons are not in direct contact with one another instead, a synapse separates them. Neurons communicate with other neurons by releasing chemical signals called neurotransmitters across a tiny gap.

  21. Types of Neuroglial Cells • Astrocytes • CNS • mop up excess ions, etc • induce synapse formation • stimulate formation of tight junction between cells that make up the walls of capillaries. (Blood-brain barrier) • Schwann Cells • peripheral nervous system • myelinating cell • Oligodendrocytes • CNS • myelinating cell • Ependyma • CNS • ciliated • line central canal of spinal cord • line ventricles of brain • Regulate the production of CSF • Microglia • CNS • phagocytic cell

  22. Types of Neuroglial Cells

  23. Integumentary system-Skin and derivatives • Functions of skin: Largest organ in the body • Covers and protects underlying body regions • Regulate body temperature • Contains sensory receptor- touch, pressure • Vital in maintaining homeostasis • Epidermis - Outer, thinner region • Stratified squamous epithelium-lacks blood vessels • As new cells enlarge, older cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off • Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment) • Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells

  24. Regions of Skin • Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis • Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains: • Hair follicles • Sebaceous glands-secrete sebum • Receptors-specialized nerve endings • Nerve fibers • Blood vessels • Subcutaneous Layer - Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue located below dermis

  25. Human Skin Anatomy

  26. Organ Systems • Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity / posterior (toward the back) • Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity • The brain is in the cranial cavity, and • The spinal cord is in the vertebral cavity • Ventral cavity/ anterior (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into • The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and • The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs) • The pelvic cavity

  27. Mammalian Body Cavities

  28. Homeostasis • The digestive system • Takes in and digests food • Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrients • The respiratory system • Adds oxygen to the blood • Removes carbon dioxide The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis

  29. Homeostasis • The liver and the kidneys • Store excess glucose as glycogen-regulates blood glucose • Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used • The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose levels • The kidneys • Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts • Regulate pH

  30. Negative Feedback • Homeostatic Control • Partially controlled by hormones • Ultimately controlled by the nervous system • Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point • Sensor detects change in the internal environment; • Regulatory Center activates an effector • Effector reverses the changes

  31. Regulation of Body Temperature

  32. Positive Feedback • During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another event-a change occurs in one direction • Childbirth Process • Positive Feedback • Does not result in equilibrium • Does not occur as often as negative feedback

  33. Review • Tissue Types • Epithelial • Connective • Muscular • Nervous • Organs • Organ Systems • Homeostasis • Negative Feedback • Positive Feedback

  34. Animal Organization & Homeostasis

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