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This review covers the rich history of cinema, tracing its evolution from the mid-1800s inception of film photography and the persistence of vision to late 19th-century innovations by pioneers like Edison and the Lumiere Brothers. It highlights significant milestones, including the introduction of sound in the late 1920s, the advent of color in the 1930s, and the rise of CGI in the 1990s. The review also delves into various filmmaking elements such as cinematography, screenwriting, directing, editing, sound design, and art direction. It explores how these facets work together to create compelling narratives.
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Review from HL1 Cinematography Screenwriting Directing Editing Sound/Music Art Direction/Lighting
Film History • Photography was developed in the mid-1800s as film processes became faster • Persistence of vision allows one to see motion • Edison (USA) and the Lumiere Brothers (France) develop filming technologies late 1800s • Basic stories were being told around 1900 • Sound (talking) appears late 1920s • Color appears arrives in the late 1930s • Studio system evolves into corporate interests in early 1970s • CGI developed in the 1990s
Cinematography • Framing • High and low angles, wide angle • Level and canted shots • Following shot, reframing • POV • Frame within a frame • Over the shoulder shot
Cinematography • Scale • Extreme Long Shot (ELS) or establishing shot • Long shot (LS) • Mid-long • Mid-close • Close up (CU) • Extreme Close Up (ECU)
Cinematography • Movement • Camera can pan and tilt (whip pan) • Tracking shot • Crane shot • Hand-held • Zooming
Screenwriting • Script Formatting • Font, format/spacing, capitalizing, etc • Storyboarding • Character Development • Story Telling • Hero’s journey, rising action-climax-falling action • Genre • Conventions that make or break genres
Directing • Auteur Theory • The director is chiefly responsible for the film and is thus seen as an “author” or creative force behind it • Examples include Orson Wells, Steven Spielberg • “Auteur theory” is one idea (genre theory is another… could Steven Spielberg make a western without a duel, landscape, western values?)
Editing • Kuleshov Effect • Editing styles (montage, continuity, elliptical) • Transitions • Dissolve • Wipe • Fade to white/black • Iris • Superimposition • Jump cuts • Crosscutting/shot-reverse
Editing • Matching one frame to the next can give you film a pleasing and smooth transition with style • Match on color • Color from one shot to next is consistent and adds to meaning (red stoplight transitions to an angry person) • Match on action • The action between frames is consistent (a falling bones turns into a falling spaceship) • Match on shape • The shape of the dominant object in the frame is consistent (an eye transitions to a shower drain)
Editing • Timing/Duration • Long take • A take of 45 or more seconds • Overlapping editing • One shot is repeated from different spots to add emphasis • Rhythm • Cuts are equal length vs shorter and shorter clip length • Frame Rate • Fast or Slow motion
Sound/Music • Direct recording vs postsynchronization • Diegetic and non-diegetic sounds • Diegetic appear from on screen • Wild Sounds (on location sound recording) • Room Tone (film empty room for background) • Foley (makes sound effects)
Art Direction • Art Direction composes the mise-en-scene of the film (everything that you see and why you see it) • Décor • Costumes • Setting • Color (mood/tone) • Contrast • Lighting • 3 point lighting (location of lights) • Adds to tone/mood • Mise-en-scene
