Chapter 1 Tourism History

1. Chapter 1 Tourism History

2. Learning objectives • Recognize the antiquity of human travel over vast distances on both sea and land. • Understand how these journeys have evolved from trips which were difficult and often dangerous to mass travel for millions today. • Learn the names of some of the great travelers in history who wrote astonishing accounts of exotic places they had visited. • Discover the many similarities in travel motivations, economic conditions, political situations, attractions, and tourist facilities during the time of the Roman Empire and that of today.

3. Early beginnings • About 4000 B.C.E. the invention of money by the Sumerians (Babylonians) and the development of trade mark the beginning of the modern era of travel. • They were also the first to invent cuneiform writing and the wheel. • They should be credited as the founders of the travel business.

4. Early beginnings • Five thousand years ago, cruises were organized and conducted from Egypt. • Beginning in 2700 B.C.E. the pharaohs began to take advantage of the abundance of good building stone in the Nile valley to build their elaborate burial tombs. • These great outdoor wonders began attractions since 1600B.C.E..

5. Early roads • The wheel led to the development of a heavy wagon that could be drawn by teams of oxen. A vehicle needs a road. • Who traveled? • Mainly three groups: the military, government officials, and caravans. • The Romans started building roads in about 150 B.C.E.. • By the time of Emperor Trajan (98 to 117 C.E.), the Roman roads comprised a network of some 50,000 miles. • The Romans could travel as much as 100 miles a day using relays of horses. • Roman tourists went about sight-seeing much as we do today. • They used guide books, employed guides, and bought souvenirs.

6. The Silk Road • From the beginning, some Silk Route sections were mere directions across trackless steppe or desert rather than visible paths. • Marco Polo, who traveled to China from Italy in the thirteenth century, became the first western explorer to compose a popular and lasting account. • Westbound caravans…… tea, spices • Eastbound caravans…… perfume, textiles

7. The Classical World • The lands of the Mediterranean Sea (2000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.) produced a remarkable evolution in travel. • In the cradle of western civilization, travel for trade, commerce, religious purposes, festivals, medical treatment, or education developed at an early date.

8. The Grand Tour • In 17th and 18th centuries, the “grand tour” was made by diplomats, businesspeople, and scholars who traveled to Europe, mainly to the cities of France and Italy. • It became fashionable for scholars to study in Paris, Rome, Florence, and other cultural centers. • A three-year tour as customary; • Generally accepted Itinerary: • a long stay in France, especially in Paris, almost a year in Italy, and then a return by way of Germany and the Low countries via Switzerland. • Today’s grand tour to Europe is far different, the tour is more likely to be three weeks, not three years.

9. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World • Great Pyramids of Egypt (including Sphinx) • Hanging Gardens of Babylon • Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus • Statue of Zeus at Olympia in Greece • Collosus of Phoebus in the Harbor at Rhodes, an island belonging to Greece • Great Lighthouse (Pharos) in Alexandria, Egypt • Temple Artemis at Ephesus --- at the time part of Greece, and now in turkey. The Great Pyramids of Egyptis the sole remaining wonder.

10. The first travel agents • Thomas Cook was recognized as the first rail excursion agent, the father of modern mass tourism. • In 1841, Thomas Cook began running a special excursion train from Leicester to Loughborough (in England), a trip of 12 miles. • On July 5, Cook’s train carried 570 passengers at a round-trip price of 1 shilling per passenger. This is believed to be the first public advertised excursion train. • The company continuous to be one of the world’s largest travel organization. http://www.thomascook.com/

11. Historic Transportation The early tourist traveled on foot, on beasts of burden, by boat, and on wheeled vehicles. • Stagecoach Travel • Coaches were invented in Hungary in the 15th century and became popular in Great Britain by the 19th century. • Water Travel • Market boats picked up passenger as as well as goods on ships canals in England as early as 1772. • Rail Travel • Railways were first built in England in 1825 and carried passengers beginning in 1830. • Automobile and Motorcoach Travel • Automobiles entered the travel scene in U.S. when Henry Ford introduced his famous Model T in 1908. • Air Travel • The first U.S. airline, Varney Airlines, was launched in 1926 and provided scheduled airmail service.

12. Mass travel Mass travel could not really begin to develop until two things occurred. • improvements in technology allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, and • greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

13. Recent developments Recent developments

14. Special forms of tourism For the past few decades some forms of tourism have been becoming more popular, particularly: • Adventure tourism: tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as mountaineering and hiking. • Agritourism: farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy. • Ancestry tourism: is the travel with the aim of tracing one's ancestry, visiting the birth places of these ancestors and sometimes getting to know distant family.

15. Special forms of tourism • Cultural tourism: includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, and experiencing their cultural heritages. • Ecotourism: sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, • Gambling tourism, e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Macau for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there. • Health tourism: usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some 'fun in the sun', etc. Often to "health spas". • Pilgrimage Tourism: pilgrimages to ancient holy places (Rome for Catholics).

16. Special forms of tourism • Wine tourism, the visiting of growing regions, wineries, tasting rooms, wine festivals, and similar places or events for the purpose of consuming or purchasing wine. • Sport travel: skiing, golf are popular ways to spend a vacation. This could also include travelling to a major international sporting event such as the FIFA World Cup. • Space tourism: traveling in outer space or on spaceships.

17. Future trends The World of Tourism in 2020

18. Tourism development in China— pre-1949 China’s civilization is more than 5,000 years old. Tourist activities in China can be traced back to ancient times. The increase of travel and tourism serves as an important symbol of China’s social and economic development. Travel and tourism in ancient times falls, roughly, into the following categories: • Tour by emperors, • Tour by officials, • Travel by scholars and scientists, • Travel for religious reasons, • Travel for festivals.

19. Tourism development history— post-1949 • The first three decades (1949 to 1978) From the PRC establishment in 1949 till to 1978, international tourism was considered a diplomatic, rather than economic, activity. A small amount of foreign visitors and overseas Chinese visiting China. Two travel agents, China Travel Services (CTS) and China International Travel Services (CITS) handle the foreign visitor affairs then.

20. Tourism development history— post-1949 • The year 1978 was of great significance for China. • In the year 1978, the Third Plenary Session of CPC eleventh Congress was held, and China shifted its emphasis to economic reconstruction and opened its door to the outside world.

21. Tourism development history— post-1949 High development especially since 1978. Major changes: • From nobody to one of the top ten world destinations; • From a seller’s market to a buyer’s market; • From one-way to two-way flow; • From state monopoly to decentralization.

22. Tourism development history— post-1949 From 1978 to 1985 International tourism developed rapidly. Attracted to this mysterious oriental country that had been closed to the outside world for such a long period, there was a sudden influx of visitors from abroad. However, due to the serious shortage of necessary infrastructure, service facilities, and capable personnel, China was unable to effectively serve so many visitors.

23. Tourism development history— post-1949 • Since 1986 tourism in China has been regarded as a significant industry for the national economy. • In that year, China placed the tourist industry into the national plan for social and economic development for the first time. • By the end of 1998, the governments of 24 out of all 31 municipalities, provinces, and autonomous regions in China had made the tourist industry one of the leading or pillar industry in their locality. • The CPC Central Committee at its conference on the economy in late 1998 identified the tourist industry as one of the new growth points of the national economy in the years to come. The tourist industry has been drawing much more attention from people in various governments, industries, and the general public as well.

24. Current situation • Inbound tourism • Outbound tourism • Domestic tourism