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Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer. Write down anything you know about the Middle East. The United States and the Middle East. Middle EAST IN THE 20 TH & 21 ST CENTURY. U.S. Interest. Began during Cold War (containment policies). Economic interest in natural resources that are available in the Middle East

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer • Write down anything you know about the Middle East.

  2. The United States and the Middle East

  3. Middle EAST IN THE 20TH & 21ST CENTURY

  4. U.S. Interest Began during Cold War (containment policies) Economic interest in natural resources that are available in the Middle East -Oil is the largest export of the Middle East

  5. Containment • During the Cold War • We are trying to stop the spread of….by… 3. US goal: be the dominant foreign influence

  6. Conflict There have been many conflicts in the region during the 20th and 21st centuries…

  7. Arab (Palestinian) – Israeli Conflict

  8. Israel • Created in 1948 as Jewish homeland • Could this cause a problem? • Displaced thousands of Palestinians • Began armed conflict that has yet to be settled

  9. Yellow boxes indicate Palestinian territory

  10. Palestinians • 1920s: Native Arabs to the area (don’t call themselves Arabs yet) • Tried to stop Jewish immigration to area • 1948: 5 Arab nations attack Israel on behalf of the Palestinians

  11. Both sides claim the territory as their homeland Conflict has included multiple wars: Suez Canal Crisis Oct. 29, 1956 Six Day War June 5 –June 11, 1967 Yom Kippur War Oct. 6 – Oct. 25, 1973 U.N. intervened each time to end the wars.

  12. Camp David Peace Accords • September 1978 • Orchestrated by President Jimmy Carter 3. Territorial agreement between Anwar Sadat (Egyptian President) & Menachem Begin (Israeli Prime Minister) 4. Appeared to be major step towards peace…didn’t last

  13. Afghanistan, 1979 • December 25: Soviets invade with thousands of troops • Resisted by the Mujahedeen • Occupy Kabul, try to uphold the communist – friendly government • May 15, 1988 – February 2, 1989: Soviet withdrawal • Allowed the Taliban to take over a shattered country • And the rise of Bin Laden

  14. Mujahedeen • Islamic guerilla fighters • Fight mainly against non-Muslims • Fought against the Soviet invasion • Toppled the communist government • Helped the Taliban gain control of Afghanistan

  15. Bell Ringer • What were the Camp David Accords?

  16. The PERSIAN GULF WAR 1991

  17. Kuwait • Saddam Hussein accuses country of syphoning oil out of Iraq • Hussein masses forces on border • August 2, 1990: Iraq stops negotiations after 2 hours, invades

  18. What Happened? • Surprised other Arab nations • 14 Arab nations condemn Iraq actions • Egypt & Saudi Arabia ask for U.S. help • UN issued ultimatum for withdrawal, Saddam Hussein refused

  19. Operation Desert Shield

  20. What was it? • Aug. 2, 1990 – Jan. 16, 1991 • Buildup of NATO, Arab, & US forces in Saudi Arabia • Purpose: Defend Saudi Arabia and its oil fields • Iraqi forces in easy striking distance after conquest of Kuwait

  21. U.N. Action • Aug. 6, 1990: UN Security Council imposes global ban on trade with Iraq • Aug. 8, 1990: Iraq annexes Kuwait • Nov. 29, 1990: Gives Iraq until Jan. 15 to get out • Jan. 17, 1991: Bombing of Iraq begins

  22. Ultimatum • Iraq given until Jan. 15, 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait • 700,000 international troops ready to fight (540,000 American)

  23. Operation Desert Storm

  24. January 1991 • 17th: Air campaign begins • Continued throughout the war • Targeted communications networks, government buildings, weapons plants, oil refineries, bridges and road

  25. February 1991 24th: Operation Desert Sabre: ground invasion of Iraq 27th: Most Iraqi forces defeated 28th: Ceasefire declared by President George H.W. Bush

  26. Terms of Peace • Iraq recognizes Kuwait’s sovereignty • Iraq gets rid of all weapons of mass destruction • Iraq gets rid of all missiles with ranges of greater than 90 miles

  27. U.S. In Somalia Operation Restore Hope August 1992 – March 1994

  28. Objective • Initial goal was humanitarian relief a. There to address starvation crisis • Drawn into inter-clan warfare

  29. Spring 1993 • Ground operations over • U.S. turns over operation to U.N. • Leaves behind small force (logistics, aviation, quick reaction forces) • Oct. 3-4, 1993: Black Hawk Down incident in Mogadishu

  30. Bell Ringer Explain why Iraq invaded Kuwait.

  31. Bell Ringer • What is the significance of the number 343?

  32. War on Terror

  33. The Taliban • Ultraconservative political and religious group • Highly restrictive of women • Came to power following Soviet withdraw from Afghanistan • 2001: Controlled approximately 90% of Afghanistan • Militant group, refused to hand over bin Laden after 9/11 • Backed insurgency against the coalition forces in Afghanistan

  34. al Qaeda • Militant Islamist group • Founded by Usama bin Laden in 1980s • Main fighting force against the Soviet Union • Trained the militants who attacked the US on 9/11

  35. 1993 WTC Bombing • Feb. 26 • Truck bomb detonated in parking garage below north tower • Considered a failed attack a. Meant to take down both towers • 6 people killed, 1000+ injured

  36. USS Cole (Destroyer) Attacked on Oct. 12, 2000 Suicide bombers explode small boat filled with explosives along side. Leave a 40 foot hole. 17 Sailors Killed

  37. George W. Bush • 43rd President • President during 9/11, Most of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars • Helped take down Saddam Hussein

  38. September 11, 2001 • Islamic terrorists attack major landmarks in the U.S. • Twin Towers • Pentagon • Pennsylvania Field (Stonycreek Township) • U.S. actively pursuing al-Qaeda, the group responsible for the attack • 2996 people killed (343 FDNY Firefighters)

  39. Bell Ringer • Summarize the events leading up to 9/11.

  40. October 7, 2001 – December 28, 2014 War in Afghanistan: Operation Enduring Freedom

  41. Geography • Landlocked • Primarily mountainous, very rugged

  42. Afghanistan • Oct. 7, 2001: Coalition forces attack Taliban held parts of country • U.S. pursued al-Qaeda into country • Established decade-long military presence • Goal to capture (U)Osama bin Laden

  43. (U)Osama bin Laden • Leader of al-Qaeda • Believed to be responsible for embassy attacks in 1998 and September 11th • Killed by SEAL Team 6 May 1, 2011 in Abbottabad, Pakistan

  44. Bin Laden continued • Very wealthy • Studied engineering in college (father was an engineer) • Fought against the Soviets • Ability and financing let him rise through the ranks of the Mujahedeen • Understanding of architecture helped plan the attacks on the WTC

  45. Results • 2357 American Servicemen Killed • 453 British Soldiers Killed • 677 Soldiers from other countries killed UK ended mission in Oct. 2014 U.S. & NATO ended mission in Dec. 2014

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