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WEATHER

WEATHER. Chapter 16 Test 4 Material Begin. ASSIGNMENT – 10 POINTS. WRITE A 1 TO 2 PAGE REPORT ON “BALL LIGHTNING”. WEATHER. STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT SOME PLACE AND TIME. VARIABLES OF WEATHER. TEMPERATURE MOISTURE PRESSURE WIND. CLIMATE.

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WEATHER

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  1. WEATHER Chapter 16 Test 4 Material Begin

  2. ASSIGNMENT – 10 POINTS • WRITE A 1 TO 2 PAGE REPORT ON “BALL LIGHTNING”

  3. WEATHER • STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT SOME PLACE AND TIME

  4. VARIABLES OF WEATHER • TEMPERATURE • MOISTURE • PRESSURE • WIND

  5. CLIMATE • AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS AT SOME LOCATION OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME • DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL • EXTREMES • VARIABILITY

  6. METEOROLOGY • STUDY OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE PROCESSES THAT CAUSE WEATHER

  7. WEATHER BASED • HOW WELL THE CROPS WILL DO • WHAT CLOTHES YOU WEAR

  8. CLIMATE BASED • WHAT CROPS YOU CAN GROW • WHAT CLOTHES YOU HAVE TO BUY

  9. WEATHER RECORDS • 136 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT IN THE SHADE IN LIBYA • -129 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT IN ANTARTICA • 1042 INCHES OF RAIN IN ONE YEAR IN CHERRAPUNJI, INDIA • 74 INCHES OF RAIN AT REUNION ISLAND

  10. QUICK HEAT • SPEARFISH, SOUTH DAKOTA • 7:30 AM = - 4 FAHRENHEIT • 7:32 AM = 45 FAHRENHEIT

  11. WHY ATMOSPHERE IS IMPORTANT • SHIELDS US FROM UV • GASES FOR RESPIRATION • GASES FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS WHERE CO2 REMOVED BY PLANTS AND REPLACED WITH OXYGEN • SUPPLIES AND TRANSPORTS WATER

  12. COMPOSITION OF AIR • 78% NITROGEN • 21% OXYGEN • 0.9% ARGON • 0.03% CARBON DIOXIDE • TRACE ELEMENTS - NEON, HELIUM, METHANE, OZONE, NO2, KRYPTON, HYDROGEN, XENON

  13. MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE GASES FOR WEATHER PRODUCTION IS CARBON DIOXIDE DUE TO ITS EFFECT AS A GREENHOUSE GAS

  14. GREENHOUSE EFFECT • CO2 MAY BE INCREASING GLOBAL TEMPERATURES. SOME SCIENTISTS PREDICT THAT CO2 LEVELS WILL DOUBLE FROM 1900 TO 2050 WHICH MIGHT CHANGE CLIMATE PICTURE • STILL QUITE CONTROVERSIAL

  15. WATER VAPOR • SOURCE OF ALL CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION • ABSORBS RADIANT ENERGY • TRANSPORTS ENERGY AND DRIVES OUR STORMS

  16. DUST PARTICLES • VOLCANOES • SEA SALTS • SOIL EROSION • SMOKE AND SOOT • POLLEN • ALLERGENS

  17. DUST • ACT AS A SURFACE FOR CONDENSATION TO TAKE PLACE • KRAKATAO • BLUER THE SKY THE CLEANER THE SKY

  18. OZONE • WE CAN’T BREATHE IT • IF ALL THE OZONE WERE BROUGHT TO THE EARTH’S SURFACE IT WOULD ONLY BE 1/6 OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS • CONCENTRATED IN THE STRATOSPHERE AT 12 - 19 MILES ABOVE SURFACE

  19. WHY LOCATED IN STRATOSPHERE? • MOLECULAR O2 IS BROKEN DOWN TO ATOMIC O1 WHICH COMBINES WITH AN O2 TO PRODUCE O3 • AVAILABILITY OF SHORTWAVE RADIATION TO BREAKDOWN O2 AND ATMOSPHERE IS DENSE ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR THE COMBINATION

  20. CHLOROFLUROCARBONSCFC’S • FOUND IN AEROSOL SPRAYS, PLASTIC PRODUCTION, AIR CONDITIONERS, REFRIGERATION • REVERSE PROCESS AS THEY DRIFT UPWARD CHANGING O3 BACK TO O2 AND O1 • REMAIN ACTIVE FOR 50-100 YEARS

  21. DEPLETION OF OZONE • REDUCES THE FILTERING ABILITY OF OUR ATMOSPHERE AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASE IN SKIN CANCERS • OZONE HOLE OVER ANTARCTICA AND NORTH AMERICA

  22. NATURAL SOURCES • FOREST FIRES • POLLEN • WIND EROSION • ORGANIC DECAY • VOLCANOES

  23. MAN-MADE SOURCES • TRANSPORTATION • INDUSTRIAL • HEATING/ AIR CONDITIONING • REFUSE BURNING • AGRICULTURAL • MINING/QUARRYING

  24. PRIMARY POLLUTANTS • CAN TRACE THEM TO AN IDENTIFIABLE SOURCE

  25. SECONDARY POLLUTANTS • ARE PRODUCED WHEN REACTIONS OCCUR INVOLVING PRIMARY POLLUTANTS • SMOG • ACID RAIN

  26. Man –made weather

  27. VERTICAL TEMPERATURE SPHERES • TROPOSPHERE • STRATOSPHERE • MESOSPHERE • THERMOSPHERE

  28. TROPOSPHERE • THE WEATHER SPHERE WITH CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION • ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE = 19 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE FOR EVERY 1 MILE INCREASE IN ELEVATION

  29. OTHER SPHERES • STRATOSPHERE - WHERE OZONE IS CONCENTRATED • THERMOSPHERE IS VERY WARM BUT HAS VERY FEW AIR MOLECULES TO TRANSFER HEAT • EXOSPHERE - LIMIT WHERE SPACE BEGINS

  30. IONOSPHERE • ELECTRIFIED REGION WHICH BEGINS ABOUT 35+ MILES ABOVE SURFACE • AURORA BOREALIS • AURORA AUSTRALIS

  31. TEMPERATURE Chapter 16 Test 4 Material

  32. TEMPERATURE • ALL SUBSTANCES ARE COMPOSED OF MILLIONS OF MOLECULES THAT ARE IN MOTION. THIS MOTION IS KNOWN AS KINETIC ENERGY. TEMPERATURE IS A MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE ENERGY OF THIS MOTION.

  33. SCALES • FAHRENHEIT • CELSIUS • KELVIN

  34. CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT • (1.8 TIMES CELSIUS) + 32 = FAHRENHEIT

  35. FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS • (FAHRENHEIT MINUS 32) DIVIDED BY 1.8 = CELSIUS

  36. CELSIUS/KELVIN CONVERSIONS • KELVIN MINUS 273 = CELSIUS • CELSIUS PLUS 273 = KELVIN

  37. EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES

  38. THERMOMETERS • LIQUID-IN-GLASS CAN BE EITHER MERCURY OR ALCOHOL (-25F) • MINIMUM/MAXIMUM • BIMETAL STRIP • ELECTRICAL - THERMISTOR • THERMOGRAPH

  39. LIQUID-IN-GLASS AND ELECTRICAL THERMOMETERS HAVE A BETTER RESPONSE TIME (HOW QUICKLY THEY ADJUST TO CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE) THAN DOES A BIMETAL STRIP

  40. UNCONVENTIONAL WAY OF GETTING TEMPERATURE • CRICKET CHIRPS • ADD THE NUMBER 40 TO THE NUMBER OF CRICKET CHIRPS YOU COUNT IN A 14 SECOND PERIOD AND THIS WILL EQUAL THE AIR TEMPERATURE

  41. HEAT UNITS • CALORIE - AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS • JOULE • BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)

  42. SPECIFIC HEAT • AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF A SUBSTANCE BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS

  43. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT MEANS THAT IT TAKES MORE TIME/ENERGY TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE AND THAT THE SUBSTANCE WILL HOLD THE HEAT LONGER • LOW SPECIFIC HEAT MEANS THAT THE SUBSTANCE HEATS AND COOLS QUICKLY

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