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Understanding the Health-Related Causes of Undernutrition: A Vicious Cycle

Undernutrition poses significant health risks, creating a vicious cycle where poor nutrition leads to poor health and vice versa. Infections, dietary deficiencies, and environmental factors contribute heavily to malnutrition, particularly in vulnerable populations like children. Diseases such as keratomalacia, scurvy, and anemia showcase the severe outcomes of nutrient deficiencies. Diarrheal diseases, primarily affecting young children, exacerbate undernutrition, highlighting the urgent need for effective interventions like Oral Rehydration Therapy to combat dehydration and nutritional depletion.

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Understanding the Health-Related Causes of Undernutrition: A Vicious Cycle

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  1. Health Related Causes of Undernutrition Text extracted from The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2004 http://www.lastfirst.net/images/product/R004548.jpg

  2. Health and Nutrition • Poor nutrition leads to poor health • AND • Poor health leads to poor nutrition • Vicious cycle Girl with Marasmus in Darfur, Sudan http://www.drfletcherinafrica.co.uk/marasmus4.jpg

  3. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/nut/images/malnutrition_chart.gifhttp://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/nut/images/malnutrition_chart.gif

  4. Infections also cause Malnutrition • Loss of appetite • Intolerance of food • Cultural factors • Substitution of less nutritious diet when sick • Body loss of protein • Used to fight infection http://www.sikhspectrum.com/112006/images/u2.gif

  5. Disease and dietary deficiencies • Keratomalacia: Blindness • Vitamin A deficiency • Scurvy: Soft gums • Vitamin C deficiency • Beri-beri: Nerve inflamation • Vitamin B1 deficiency • Pellagra: Skin disorder • Niacin deficiency • Anemia: Blood disorder • Iron, B12 deficiency Pellagra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18103.jpg

  6. Diarrhea and Nutrition • Diarrhea most common infection causing undernutrion • Kwashiorkor induced by diarrhea • Worst in children under 5 • Diarrhea reduces • Water • Salts • Fatal if dehydration > 15% • 60-70% diarrhea deaths caused by dehydration http://www.ghi.com/WebMD/topics/diarrhea.jpg

  7. Causes of Diarrhea • Rotavirus • Cholera • Shigella • Samonella • Parasites • Etc. http://203.190.254.12/picture/HSB41_Ban_03.jpg http://203.190.254.12/picture/HSB41_Ban_03.jpg

  8. Rotavirus Diarrhea http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects2004/rotavirus/Images/globaldistribution.jpg

  9. Oral Rehydration Therapy • Diarrheal salt loss cannot be corrected by drinking salt water • More fluid pulled from body into intestine • If add sugar to salt, • sugar crosses intestinal lining • pulls salt into body Signs of dehydration http://www.wikieducator.org/images/6/61/Signsdehydration.jpg

  10. Oral Rehydration Therapy • “The cheapest and most effective health intervention that can be implemented in the home to decrease childhood mortality” • UNICEF Diluted salt water with sugar http://ec.europa.eu/research/headlines/images2/cholera_rehydrate.jpg

  11. Malnutrition Exacerbates Infection • Philippine children with respiratory infection were 13x more likely to die • if malnourished • Malnutrition aggravates • Intestinal diseases • Worms • Parasites Philippine Children http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/images/2007/05/15/main_riverside_children203_203x152.jpg

  12. Malnutition Exacerbates Infection • Malnutrition most common cause of immune system deficiencies • Decreases in • white cell response • Interferon • skin integrity • Mucous membranes • Tissue replacement, repair • Children with PEM • Atrophied thymus • poor T cell production White blood cell surrounded by red blood cells http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/antenna/cancerkillers/images/cells.jpg

  13. Malnutrition reduces Stamina • Reduced capacity to cope with life • Reduced job performance • Reduced income for • Healthcare • Transportation to clinics • Medicines Uganda Health Clinic http://www.doctorsforafrica.org/images/mulanda_health_centre.jpg

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