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Body Organization and Terminology

This guide provides a concise examination of human body cavities and organ systems. It details both the axial and appendicular body cavities, including the dorsal and ventral cavities, their subdivisions, and the vital organs housed within. The document also covers major organ systems, such as the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. Directional terms and anatomical positions are explained for better understanding of body orientation. This overview serves as an essential resource for students and enthusiasts of human anatomy.

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Body Organization and Terminology

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  1. Body Organization and Terminology Lab Exercise 2 Bio 160

  2. Body Cavities • Axial – Head, neck and trunk • Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs

  3. Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae • Cranial cavity – contains brain • Vertebral (spinal) canal – contains spinal cord

  4. Body Cavities • Ventral Cavity – Belly side - organs inside are collectively called viscera lined with serous membrane (parietal and visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium) • Thoracic cavity • Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and visceral pleura)

  5. Body Cavities • Mediastinum - mass of soft tissue between lungs from sternum to vertebral column; includes heart in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea

  6. Body Cavities • Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal and visceral peritoneum (diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic) • Abdominal • Pelvic

  7. Body Cavities • Smaller cavities within the head • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity and sinuses • Orbital cavity • Middle ear cavity

  8. Organ Systems • Integumentary system – Body covering • Skin • Hair and nails • Skeletal system – Support and protection of soft tissue, production of blood cells and storage of calcium • Bones

  9. Organ Systems • Ligaments • Cartilage • Muscular system – Movement, posture maintenance and heat production • Skeletal muscles • Tendons

  10. Organ Systems • Nervous system – Receives sensory information, interprets information and stimulates effectors (ex. muscles or glands) • Brain • Spinal cord • Nerves

  11. Organ Systems • Endocrine system – Secretes hormones • Pituitary gland • Thyroid gland • Adrenal gland • Pancreas • Ovaries and Testes • Thymus

  12. Organ Systems • Cardiovascular system – Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body • Heart • Arteries • Veins

  13. Organ Systems • Lymphatic system – Transports fluids back to bloodstream and some fats away from digestive system, also helps fight infections • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph nodes • Thymus • Spleen

  14. Organ Systems • Digestive system – Breaks down food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body • Mouth • Tongue • Teeth • Salivary glands • Pharnyx

  15. Organ Systems • Esophagus • Stomach • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Small Intestines • Large Intestines

  16. Organ Systems • Respiratory system – Move air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and air • Nasal cavity and Pharnyx • Larnyx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs

  17. Organ Systems • Urinary system – Removes wastes from blood and maintains the body’s water and salt balance • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra

  18. Organ Systems • Male Reproductive system –Production and delivery of male reproductive cells (sperm) • Scrotum • Testes • Penis • Urethra

  19. Organ Systems • Female Reproductive system –Production and maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs) • Ovaries • Uterine tubes (Oviducts; Fallopian tubes) • Uterus • Vagina

  20. Anatomical Position • body upright facing observer • arms at side • palms facing forward

  21. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) • Dorsal – back side • Ventral – belly side • Anterior – that part which goes first (= ventral because belly goes first when we proceed (anterior = ventral only in bipeds and not in quadripeds))

  22. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2) • Posterior – that part which follows (posterior = dorsal) • Superior – toward head or above another structure • Inferior – away from the head or below another structure

  23. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3) • Lateral – away from midline • Medial – toward midline • Superficial – near the surface • Deep – more internal than superficial parts

  24. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4) • Proximal • nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius) • nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex. proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)

  25. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5) • Distal • further from attachment of an extremity to trunk • further from point of reference (origin)

  26. Body Planes & Sections • Plane – imaginary flat surface • Section – flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure • Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

  27. Body Planes & Sections (2) • Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior) • Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (actually any section that is a right angle to the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a cross section of a loaf of bread)

  28. Body Regions • Review Body Regions in text, pages 14-17, Fig 1.15&1.16

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