Bell Ringer

1. Define Aryans • Define Holocaust • What were the Nuremberg Laws? • What was Hitler’s “Final Solution”? Bell Ringer

2. Chapter 32: World War II, 1939 - 1945 Section 4 – The Allied Victory

3. After Pearl Harbor, Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt met to develop a joint war policy. Stalin had asked his allies to relieve German pressure on his armies in the east by opening a second front on the west. Churchill and Stalin agreed. The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

4. Churchill wanted the US and Britain for strike first at North Africa. This angered Stalin, who wanted the 2nd front in France. The Soviet Union had to hold out on its own against Germany. All Britain and the US could offer in the way of help was supplies. The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

5. The North African Campaign Montgomery decided to dislodge them with a massive frontal attack Took the Axis soldiers by surprise Rommel (German commander) was forced to retreat • London sent General Bernard Montgomery to lead the British troops in North Africa • By the time he arrived, the Germans had advanced into Egypt • Dug in so well that the British couldn’t go around The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

6. The Allies then launched Operation Torch • In November 1942, an Allied force landed in Morocco and Algeria led by American general Dwight D. Eisenhower • Caught between the 2 armies, Rommel’s troops were finally crushed in May 1943 The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

7. The Battle for Stalingrad • The German advance in the Soviet Union had stalled at Leningrad and Moscow in 1941 • In the summer of 1942, Hitler sent his army to capture the city of Stalingrad The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

8. Battle of Stalingrad began in August 1942 • The Germans bombed the city to rubble • By November, Germany controlled 90% of the ruined city • The Soviets outside the city launched a counterattack • Surrounded the city, trapping the Germans and cutting off their supplies • February 1943, German troops surrendered to the Soviets The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

9. The Invasion of Italy The conquest toppled Mussolini from power The Italian king had him arrested • Churchill and Roosevelt decided to attack Italy next • In July 1943, Allied forces landed on Sicily and captured it The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

10. September 1943, Italy surrendered • Germany seized control of northern Italy and put Mussolini back in charge • Finally, the victorious Allies entered Rome in June 1944 • In April 1945, Italian resistance fighters found Mussolini disguised as a German soldier and shot him The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

11. Americans at home made a crucial contribution to the war effort by producing weapons and equipment. The Allied Home Fronts

12. Mobilizing for War To inspire their people to greater efforts, Allied governments conducted highly effective propaganda campaigns • Defeating the Axis powers required mobilizing for total war • In the US, factories converted their peacetime operations to wartime production The Allied Home Fronts

13. War Limits Civil Rights In February 1942, President Roosevelt issued an executive order calling for the internment of Japanese Americans because they were considered a threat to the country • Government propaganda also had a negative effect • After Pearl Harbor, a wave of prejudice arose in the US against Japanese Americans The Allied Home Fronts

14. What was Operation Torch? • What happened to Mussolini? • What was the negative affect of the US’s war propaganda ? Bell Ringer

15. In 1943, the Allies began secretly building an invasion force in Great Britain. Their plan was to launch an attack on German-held France. Victory in Europe

16. The D-Day Invasion Code-named Operation Overlord Was the largest land and sea attack in history • By May 1944, the invasion force was ready • Planned to strike on the coast of Normandy in northwestern France Victory in Europe

17. The invasion began on June 6, 1944 and was known as D-Day • Allied forces fought their way onto a 60-mile stretch of beach • The Germans dug in with machine guns, rocket launchers and cannons • Despite heavy losses, the Allies held the beachheads Victory in Europe

18. In July, the Allies punched a hole in the German defenses • A month later, the Allies marched triumphantly into Paris • By September, they liberated France, Belgium and Luxembourg Victory in Europe

19. The Battle of the Bulge He decided to counterattack in the west Hoped a victory would split American and British forces and break up Allied supply lines • As Allied forces move toward Germany from the west, the Soviet army was advancing from the east • Hitler now faced a war on 2 fronts Victory in Europe

20. In December, German tanks broke through weak American defenses • Known as the Battle of the Bulge • The Allies eventually pushed the Germans back Victory in Europe

21. Germany’s Unconditional Surrender Hitler prepared for his end in an underground headquarters On April 29th, he married his longtime companion Eva Braun The next day, Hitler and Eva committed suicide • In March 1945, the Allies rolled into Germany • By April, Allied soldiers approached Berlin from the southwest while Soviet troops approached from the east Victory in Europe

22. On May 7th, 1945 General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich from the German military • The surrender was officially signed on May 9th in Berlin • The Allied powers celebrated V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day • After 6 years of fighting, the war in Europe ended Victory in Europe

23. The Allies were still fighting the Japanese in the Pacific. Victory in the Pacific

24. The Japanese in Retreat Would destroy the American fleet, preventing the Allies from resupplying their ground troops The plan required risking the entire Japanese fleet Within 4 days, the Japanese navy had lost disastrously • By the fall of 1944, the Allies were moving in on Japan • In October, Allied forces landed in the Philippines • The Japanese devised a plan to halt the Allied advance Victory in the Pacific

25. Only the Japanese army and the feared kamikaze stood between the Allies and Japan • The kamikazes were Japanese suicide planes who would sink Allied ships by crash-diving their plans into them • In March 1945, American Marines took Iwo Jima, an island 760 miles from Tokyo • In April, US troops captured Okinawa Victory in the Pacific

26. The Japanese Surrender • The next step for the Allies was Japan • President Truman’s advisors informed him that an invasion might cost the Allies half a million lives • Truman had to decide whether or not to use a powerful new weapon called the atomic bomb, or A-bomb • Had been developed by the top secret Manhattan Project • The 1st atomic bomb was exploded in a desert in New Mexico in July 1945 Victory in the Pacific

27. President Truman warned the Japanese that unless they surrendered, the could expect a “rain of ruin from the air” • Japan did not respond • On August 6, 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima • 3 days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki • The Japanese finally surrendered to General MacArthur on September 2nd • With Japan’s surrender, the war ended Victory in the Pacific