Romanesque 3: What is Romanesque Style?

1. Romanesque 3: What is Romanesque Style?

2. III. Design on and off the pilgrimage route: Spain The First Romanesque Benedictine abbey of San Vicentede Cardona (Catalonia), consecrated 1040

3. Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Carolingian Empire in 843 divided among Charlemagne’s heirs Region of the so-called “First Romanesque” style Lotharingia

4. Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Catalan group of “first Romanesque” churches

5. Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions North Italian group of “first Romanesque” churches

6. Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions German (Rhine River valley) group of “first Romanesque” churches

7. Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions “First Romanesque” linkages Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Southern France-Catalonia – Catalonia-Southern France-Northern Italy (Lombardy) Lombardy, Italy

8. Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Holy Roman Empire-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Rome – Rome-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Holy Roman Empire “First Romanesque” linkages Speyer, Germany Lombardy, Italy Rome, Italy

9. Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions Developments after “First Romanesque” Holy Roman Empire-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Rome – Rome-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Holy Roman Empire Rhine Valley Germany Northern Italy Speyer, Germany Lombardy, Italy Rome, Italy

10. II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque Germany (Rhine Valley) vs. Northern Italy blind arcades and dwarf galleries 2. Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-1106 Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184

11. II. Language of architecture: Theory “Beauty is a concordance and fittingness of . . . all the individual parts to themselves and to each other and to the whole, and that of the whole to all things” (Robert Grosseteste, 13th cen., a view based on Vitruvius). Perhaps Romanesque architecture reveals the order of the universe? Romanesque cathedral at Modena, Italy

12. II. Language of architecture: Theory Germany (Rhine Valley) vs. Northern Italy Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-1106 Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184

13. II. Language of architecture: Visual appeal Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184 sculptural frieze next to portal

14. II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal Central Italy: Tuscany Pisa Cathedral, Pisa, Italy 11th – 13th cen. (1063-1118 cathedral) bell tower baptistery cathedral

15. II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal Central Italy: Tuscany E.C. St. Peter’s blind arcades and dwarf galleries Early Christian St. Peter’s Romanesque Pisa Cathedral

16. II. Language of architecture: symbolism Central Italy: Tuscany 3. blind arcades and dwarf galleries Pisa Cathedral

17. II. Language of architecture: symbolism Possible symbolism of arcades Frontal of the shrine of Santo Domingo from the Abbey of Silos Spain (Burgos), 1140-50 The Morgan Beatus, 940, Spanish

18. II. Language of architecture: Function + Visual appeal Norman Architecture in England Anglo-Norman Durham Cathedral, England, nave 1133 clerestory passage (interior dwarf gallery)

19. II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal Central Italy: Tuscany Pisa Cathedral – details of exterior marble facing

20. II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque French pilgrimage church v. Central Italy St.-Sernin at Toulouse, France Pisa Cathedral, Pisa, Italy

21. II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque Central Italy: Tuscany 5. Pisa Cathedral

22. II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers St.-Philibert at Tournus, France (Burgundy), nave 1060

23. II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers St.-Savin-sur-Gartempe, western France, nave 1100

24. II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers Anglo-Norman nave of Gloucester Cathedral, England, nave b. 1089 cylindrical piers Anglo-Norman Durham Cathedral, England, nave 1133 cylindrical piers + compound piers

25. II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque Byzantine-Romanesque domed churches Périgueux, France Venice, Italy Constantinople St.-Front, Périgueux, France, 1120 St. Mark’s, Venice, Italy, b. 1063

26. III. Romanesque regional schools: Burgundy (France) The “pilgrimage church” transcends localism of Romanesque architecture Strength of local schools: Example of Burgundy and its thin wall construction

27. III. Romanesque regional schools: Burgundy 1088 Abbey church Cluny III – 97' tall 1077 1030 Pilgrimage St.-Sernin Toulouse - 68' tall Pilgrimage Ste. Foi, Conques 68' tall

28. III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model Abbey church of Cluny III, at Cluny, France, 11th- 12th century (1088-1130) model of the abbey 1090-1130 destroyed (mostly) 1789-1823 fragment of one transept remains

29. III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model Cluny III to rival the greatest churches in Christendom Cluny III, begun 1088, under Abbot Hugh of Cluny Cluny II, ca. 1000

30. III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model Where the great nave of Cluny III once stood

31. III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model thin wall construction flying buttresses added after vault collapsed in 1125 thin wall – clerestory and triforium, no gallery clerestorey triforium (no gallery) tall nave arcade Cluny III – reconstructive rendering of altar and ambulatory Cluny III model

32. III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model thin wall construction Cluny III nave Cluny III surviving south transept arm Kenneth Conant in 1931 reconstruction

33. III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the Cluniac designers? more light? more height? greater verticality? Cluny III this bay like nave elevation interior of transept

34. III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the designers? Cluny III – 1088-1130 Cluniac priory at Paray-le-Moniale, France, 1100-06 (photomontage)

35. III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the Cluniac designers? Cluniac priory at Paray-le-Moniale nave crossing

36. III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model Did the Cluniacs want to attract pilgrims? Compare plans So-called pilgrimage churches Cluny III – 1088-1130 Paray-le-Moniale, 1100-06

37. III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model Did the Cluniacs want to attract pilgrims? St.-Sernin at Toulouse - chevet Cluny III - chevet

38. The intellect and the senses III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model Cluny III choir historiated capital depicting the 3rd tone of plain chant scale model