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Clinically Relevant Functional Neuroanatomy 2: Neuroanatomy of Memory

Clinically Relevant Functional Neuroanatomy 2: Neuroanatomy of Memory. Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. University of Florida Functional Human Neuroanatomy 3 August, 2006. The Three Amnesias. Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. (DON’T BELIEVE HIS LIES). Multiple Forms of Memory. The Human Amnesic Syndrome.

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Clinically Relevant Functional Neuroanatomy 2: Neuroanatomy of Memory

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  1. Clinically Relevant Functional Neuroanatomy 2: Neuroanatomy of Memory Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. University of Florida Functional Human Neuroanatomy 3 August, 2006

  2. The Three Amnesias Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. (DON’T BELIEVE HIS LIES)

  3. Multiple Forms of Memory

  4. The Human Amnesic Syndrome • Impaired new learning (anterograde amnesia), exacerbated by increasing retention delay • Impaired recollection of events learned prior to onset of amnesia (retrograde amnesia), often in temporally graded fashion • Not limited to one sensory modality or type of material • Normal IQ, attention span, “nondeclarative” forms of memory

  5. IntegratedCircuitry Linking Temporal, Diencephalic, and Basal Forebrain Regions

  6. Medial Temporal Syndromes • Anoxic-hypoxic syndromes • cardiac arrest • CO poisoning • Amnesia associated with ECT • CNS Infections (Herpes) • MTS and complex-partial epilepsy(material-specific) • Early AD

  7. Temporal Lobe Pathology Associated with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

  8. The Case of Henry M (H.M.)

  9. Bauer, Grande, & Valenstein, 2003

  10. Two Limbic Circuits Anterior Thalamus Dorsomedial Thalamus Mamillothalamic Tract Mammilary Bodies Cingulate Gyrus Orbitofrontal Amygdalofugal pathways Fornix Uncus Hippocampus Amygdala Lateral Medial (Papez)

  11. CA3 CA1 DG subic

  12. Bauer, Grande, & Valenstein, 2003

  13. Delayed Nonmatching to Sample

  14. Delayed Nonmatching to Sample, multiple trials, trial-unique objects

  15. 6-8 weeks postsurgery 2 years postsurgery

  16. Anterior Posterior Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1990

  17. Bauer, Grande, & Valenstein, 2003

  18. Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1990

  19. Murray & Richmond, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2001 -perirhinal cortex obviously important in memory, but also apparently important in fine-grained visual discrimination

  20. Two Limbic Circuits and the Two-system theory of amnesia Anterior Thalamus Dorsomedial Thalamus Mamillothalamic Tract Mammillary Bodies Cingulate Gyrus Orbitofrontal Amygdalofugal pathways Fornix Uncus Hippocampus Amygdala PRPH Lateral Medial (Papez)

  21. Diencephalic Syndromes • Korsakoff Syndromeassociated with ETOH abuse or malabsorption • prominent encoding deficits • role of frontal pathology • Vascular disease • Thalamic trauma

  22. Mamillary Body Lesions in a case of Korsakoff’s Disease

  23. Lesion Profile in a Case of Thalamic Amnesia

  24. Graff-Radford, et al, 1990

  25. Two Limbic Circuits and the Two-system theory of amnesia Anterior Thalamus Dorsomedial Thalamus Mamillothalamic Tract Mammillary Bodies Cingulate Gyrus Orbitofrontal Amygdalofugal pathways Fornix Uncus Hippocampus Amygdala Lateral Medial (Papez)

  26. Basal Forebrain Syndromes • Anterior Communicating Artery (ACoA) infarctions • prominent anterograde, variable retrograde amnesia • prominent confabulation • frontal extension of lesions • Basal forebrain and cholinergic projections to hippocampus

  27. Two Limbic Circuits Anterior Thalamus Dorsomedial Thalamus Mamillothalamic Tract Mammillary Bodies Cingulate Gyrus Orbitofrontal Amygdalofugal pathways Fornix Uncus Hippocampus Amygdala Lateral Medial (Papez)

  28. Two Limbic Circuits Anterior Thalamus Dorsomedial Thalamus Mamillothalamic Tract Mammillary Bodies Cingulate Gyrus Orbitofrontal Amygdalofugal pathways Fornix Uncus Hippocampus Amygdala Lateral Medial (Papez) Bauer, Grande, & Valenstein, 2003

  29. Encoding • Definition: process of transforming to-be remembered in formation into memorable and retrievable form • Encoding I: bringing information-processing capacity to bear on stimuli • Encoding II: ability to use the results of E-1 mnemonically • Relevance: levels-of-processing accounts of memory (memory as by-product of information processing) • Clinical manifestation: poor immediate (superspan) recall

  30. Consolidation/Storage • definition:process of making new memories permanent • basis:anatomic and physiological changes at cellular level; hippocampalsystem important • when?during study-test interval • duration:hours? days? years? • clinical symptom:delayed memory <<immediate memory (forgetting)

  31. Retrieval • definition:process of locating, selecting, and activating a memory representation • basis: re-enactment of pattern of excitation occurring at encoding • when? at point of test • clinical symptom: recall << recognition (also true of shallow encoding), inconsistent errors

  32. Key Points • Extended memory systemincluding hippocampus, amygdala, and basal forebrain • We (basically) understand anatomy, now we need to understand computation • Notion ofdistinct subtypes of amnesia generally less favorablenow than 10 years ago • Certain structures are‘wired’ for associational processing; these structures are reciprocally connected to cortical processors

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