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Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds. Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds. The Chemistry of Carbon. organic chemistry - study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds four valence electrons

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Carbon Compounds

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  1. Carbon Compounds Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds.

  2. The Chemistry of Carbon • organic chemistry - study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms • Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds • four valence electrons • with itself or with other atoms including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen

  3. Carbon’s Versatility • Carbon can form different types of bonds: • single • double • triple • Chains • Rings • Highly branched

  4. Macromolecules • Formed by a process known as polymerization • Monomer – subunits or building blocks • Polymer - large compound formed from monomers • Four groups of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

  5. Carbohydrates • carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • 1 : 2 : 1 • C6H12O6 • main source of energy • structural purposes

  6. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide - single sugar molecule [monomer] • Glucose, galactose – milk, fructose - fruit • Polysaccharide - large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides [polymer] • Glycogen [animal starch] - animals store excess sugar • Starch - plants store excess sugar • Cellulose - Tough, flexible fibers give plants strength and rigidity

  7. Lipids • mostly carbon and hydrogen • not soluble in water • used to store energy • important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings • Steroids are lipids as well; serve as chemical messengers.

  8. Many formed when a glycerol moleculecombines with fatty acids Fatty Acids • saturated – all carbon atoms joined by a single bond • solid at room temperature • butter & lard • unsaturated – at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid • liquid at room temperature • polyunsaturated - contains more than one double bond • corn oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil

  9. Nucleic Acids • hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus • store and transmit genetic information • composed of monomers called nucleotides • two kinds of nucleic acids: • ribonucleic acid (RNA) • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

  10. Nucleic Acids • Nucleotide • 5-carbon sugar • phosphate group • nitrogenous base

  11. Proteins • nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • composed of monomers called amino acids • amino group (–NH2) • carboxyl group (–COOH) • more than 20 different amino acids All parts of amino acid are identical except R-group

  12. Functions of Protein • control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes • used to form bones and muscles • transport substances into or out of cells • help to fight diseases

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