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The Vietnam War

The Vietnam War. Please turn in your completed PSI to the box on the cart and pick up Focus 32: The Vietnam War (2 handouts) Take out your SOL review packet – we will spend 10 minutes reviewing before SOL Review Quiz #3

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The Vietnam War

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  1. The Vietnam War • Please turn in your completed PSI to the box on the cart and pick up Focus 32: The Vietnam War (2 handouts) • Take out your SOL review packet – we will spend 10 minutes reviewing before SOL Review Quiz #3 • When you finish the quiz, quietly read the sample response from our last unit test (Roaring 20’s essay) – the graded test will be returned to you today We will: *take SOL Review Quiz #3 *distribute/discuss the last unit test *analyze the causes and impact of the Vietnam War

  2. Reminders for Next Two Weeks • Last SOL review quiz will be at the start of our next class (Thursday for 3rd and 2nd, Friday for 4th) – different times! • SOL Test in lab 231 on Monday, May 19. Report directly to the lab and bring a book to read. You can’t use electronic devices during testing even if you finish early. • Last unit test and binder check on Friday, May 23. • Capstone exhibits due in hard copy by Friday, May 30. Bring a draft for me to review by May 23 if you wish. • Boom, Bust, & Global unit test retake for eligible students will be in class on Friday, May 30. You will need to sign up for it by May 23.

  3. Containment Failures: Cuba & Vietnam • John F. Kennedy elected president in 1960; promised a more “hawkish” approach to defense spending and dealing with the USSR • Bay of Pigs operation (1961) failed to overthrow Castro and set the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), in which the U.S. secured removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba in exchange for a pledge to never again intervene in Cuba against Castro; U.S. also removed missiles from Turkey • U.S involvement in Vietnam and Laos escalated through the 1960s; JFK ordered overthrow of President Diem in 1963; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Johnson authority to send in U.S. combat troops to support the South Vietnamese against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese • By 1968, the U.S. had committed more than 500,000 troops to Southeast Asia with no clear results; Tet Offensive proved that the U.S. was neither winning nor losing in the Vietnam War (1965-73)

  4. Focus 32: The Vietnam War • After each video clip, be prepared to discuss and complete the terms on the focus guide: http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/dashboard/dashboard.php

  5. Modern America, Nixon to 9/11 • Please take out your SOL review guide – we will take 10 minutes to review for our last SOL review quiz. • When you finish the review quiz, turn it in to the box on the cart and pick up the handouts. You can begin working on the Modern America “quiz” using the notes provided. • Don’t forget to turn in your PSI on Civil Rights if you have not already done so - May 21 is the last day for full credit We will: *take the last SOL review quiz *explain how and why the Cold War ended *identify and describe key events in U.S. history from 1974 to 2009

  6. SOL Test Reminders • Report to lab 231 at the start of Monday’s class – 3rd period goes to A lunch that day • Bring a book to read or something to work on quietly if you finish early • No electronic devices • Review your “quick guide” and the review packet over the weekend – there are also two released tests available on the website (with answers)

  7. Nixon, Kissinger, & Détente The Nixon Administration (1969-74) took a new approach to containment, sought “peace with honor” in SE Asia: • Nixon Doctrine– increased reliance on regional allies, such as South Vietnam and Iran, designed to avoid committing U.S. troops overseas • Détente – opening to China in 1972 led to “triangular diplomacy” with the two major communist powers • Escalation of the Vietnam War, including the invasion of Cambodia (1970) and increased bombing campaigns designed to force the North Vietnamese to negotiate a ceasefire; achieved by January 1973

  8. Triangular Diplomacy NSC Advisor Henry Kissinger President Richard Nixon U.S.-Soviet relations thawed after China move; led to major arms control agreements, including SALT I and the ABM Treaty (1972) U.S.-China opening in 1972 led to normalization of relations with Beijing; played the “China card”; U.S. sacrificed formal relations with Taiwan Soviet-Chinese relations temporarily thawed after ideological differences and two brief border conflicts Leonid Brezhnev Mao

  9. Détente’s Shortcomings • Withdrawal from Southeast Asia paved the way for the collapse of South Vietnam and Cambodia (1975) – Cambodians suffered terribly under Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge • The Soviets took advantage of détente to broaden their influence in Afghanistan, Africa (Ethiopia, Angola, & Mozambique) and Central America (Nicaragua) • While the U.S. and other Western powers pressed for human rights (examples: 1975 Helsinki Accords and President Carter’s policies, 1977-81), not much real progress was made in the Eastern bloc • The Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979) forced Carter to adopt a more “hawkish” policy and effectively scrapped SALT II

  10. Reagan & the “Evil Empire” • Ronald Reagan’s election in 1980 signaled a shift in American attitudes towards the USSR – greater distrust and a desire to rebuild the American military • Military build-up aimed at achieving conventional and nuclear parity and forcing the Soviets into a costly arms race; Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI) led to astronomical cost projections • Reagan Doctrine(1983) – expanded on the Truman version by offering support to rebel movements trying to overthrow Marxist governments (ex: Contras in Nicaragua, Mujahideen in Afghanistan) • Invasion of Grenada (1983) was the first successful use of American forces in combat overseas since 1973

  11. The Reagan View of the Cold War:Good Guys vs. Bad Guys

  12. The End of the Cold War • Mikhail Gorbachevbecame Soviet Secretary-General in 1985 after a succession of old-line leaders died • Gorbachev introduced glasnost (political openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) to reform Soviet society • Gorbachev-Reagan summits produced a thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations and a series of significant arms control agreements, including the INF Treaty(1987) and the START process • Increasing pressures on the Eastern bloc led to Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan (1988), collapse of East European communist governments (1989), and collapse of the USSR itself (1991)

  13. Focus #33: Modern America “Quiz” • Working with your table partner(s), answer the assigned questions for the quiz and be prepared to share them with the class. • This activity will highlight key content related to the SOL test for the era from the 1970s to the first decade of the 21st century

  14. #1: Women’s Liberation • Inspired by the civil rights movement, American women became increasingly active in campaigning for equal rights • National Organization for Women (NOW) • Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized abortion • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to get enough support for ratification and sparked

  15. #’s 2 & 19: Watergate • In 1972, five burglars broke into Democratic Party HQ at DC’s Watergate complex • Nixon ordered a cover-up of the burglars’ White House connections • Nixon refused to cooperate with court orders and Congress; the Supreme Court finally ordered him to turn over audio tapes • He resigned in August 1974 rather than face certain impeachment • President Ford later pardoned Nixon for any and all crimes

  16. #3: Camp David Accords • President Carter negotiated the first major Middle East peace agreement between Israel and Egypt in 1978 • The agreement paved the way for other agreements between Israel and Arab states but did not resolve the Palestinian issue

  17. #4: Three Mile Island • In 1978, the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor near Harrisburg, PA almost experienced a meltdown • The incident raised concerns about future use of nuclear power and fueled the environmental movement, which demanded cleaner and safer energy

  18. # 5: Iran Hostage Crisis • Islamic fundamentalists overthrew the Shah of Iran (a U.S. ally) in early 1979 • Iranian students took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took over 50 Americans hostage • The crisis lasted 444 days and hurt Carter’s chances of re-election in 1980

  19. #6: Reagan Revolution • President Reagan (1981-1989) pledged to reduce taxes and limit regulation • His policies promoted free enterprise and an economic boom but were controversial because of the negative impact on poorer citizens • This was the first serious effort to change course from New Deal and Great Society policies that expanded govt.

  20. #7: Female Firsts • More women entered the workplace by the 1980s but still receive lower wages than men on average • Women had to break through the “glass ceiling” in business and govt. • Sandra Day O’Connor – first female SC justice • Sally Ride – first American woman in space

  21. #8, 9, & 10: Reagan and the Cold War Reagan took a hard line on relations with the USSR: • Reagan Doctrine • SDI (“Star Wars”) By the late 1980s, relations improved, led to arms control (INF Treaty) and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe & the USSR

  22. #11: Panama and Desert Storm • President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) asserted American power by invading Panama (1989) and liberating Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm (1991) • Despite managing the end of the Cold War, he lost re-election to Clinton in 1992 because of a recession

  23. #’s 12 & 15: President Clinton • President Clinton focused on domestic and economic issues in the 1990s • Negotiated NAFTA with Canada and Mexico in 1994 • He was impeached for “unbecoming conduct” in 1998 but survived the Senate trial

  24. #13: New Immigration • The Immigration Act of 1965 opened the way for more immigration from a broader area of the world • More immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America leading to greater diversity • By 2050, the U.S. will not have a “majority” population

  25. #14: Information Revolution • By the 1990s, new technologies emerged that revolutionized daily life and work: -- Personal computers -- Cell phones -- Internet

  26. #’s 16 & 17: 9-11 and After • President George W. Bush launched the “War on Terrorism” after the attacks on September 11, 2001 • The U.S. intervened in Afghanistan and Iraq (longer than Vietnam War) • Patriot Act of 2001 sought to expand security but at the cost of raising civil liberties concerns (TSA, interrogations, surveillance)

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