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Brainstem

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  1. Brainstem • The oldest part of the brain • Is responsible for automatic survival functions • Located where the spinal cord swells and the brain just begins

  2. Medulla • The base of the brainstem • Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat and breathing • Damage to this area can lead to death.

  3. Reticular Formation • A nerve network extending up and down the spinal cord into the brain • Controls an organism’s level of alertness • Damage to this area can cause a coma.

  4. Thalamus • Sits atop the brainstem • The brain’s sensory switchboard -- directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex • Thalamus is Greek for “inner chamber.”

  5. Cerebellum • Latin for the “little brain” • Located in the rear of the brain • Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance • If damaged, the person could perform basic movements but would lose fine coordination skills.

  6. Limbic System • A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex • Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst • Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

  7. Hypothalamus • Located directly under the front of the thalamus • Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and the fight or flight reactions to stress • Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function

  8. Hippocampus • Wraps around the back of the thalamus • Plays a role in processing new memories for permanent storage • Looks something like a seahorse • Hippo is Greek for “horse.”

  9. Amygdala • Two almond shaped structures • Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger

  10. Cerebral Cortex • The body’s ultimate control and information processing center • Covers the brain’s lower level structures • Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells • Divided into four lobes

  11. Corpus Callosum • The large band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and carries messages between them • Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures

  12. Longitudinal Fissure • The crevice that divides the brain into two halves or hemispheres • This and other fissures in the brain create major divisions in the brain called lobes

  13. Frontal Lobes • The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead • Is involved in making plans and judgments

  14. Parietal Lobes • Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning • Designated as the association lobes • Behind the frontal lobes

  15. Occipital Lobe • The primary visual processing area • Located in the back of the head

  16. Temporal Lobes • Includes the auditory cortex where sound information is processed • Located roughly above the ears

  17. Motor Cortex • Area at the rear of the frontal lobes • Controls voluntary movement • Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body. • The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa.

  18. Somatosensory Cortex • Located in the front of the parietal lobes • Registers and processes body senses • Soma is Greek for “body.”

  19. The Brain’s Left Hemisphere • For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere. • For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.

  20. Broca’s Area • Located in the frontal lobe and usually in the left hemisphere • Responsible for the muscle movements of speech • If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech

  21. Wernicke’s Area • Located in the temporal lobe • Involved in language comprehension and expression; our ability to understand what is said to us • Usually in the left temporal lobe

  22. The Brain’s Right Hemisphere • Houses the brain’s spatial abilities • Our spatial ability allows us to perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc. • Helps in making connections between words

  23. Hemispheric Differences • “Left-brained” and “right-brained”: no such thing! • Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity. • Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.

  24. Plasticity • The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions • Greatest in childhood • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnOp9KpVDLI • Girl who had half her brain removed • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aycUso4Vqm0

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