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Condensation

Condensation. Chapter 10 Sections 10.6 through 10.11. General Considerations. General Considerations. Heat transfer to a surface occurs by condensation when the surface temperature is less than the saturation temperature of an adjoining vapor. Film Condensation.

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Condensation

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  1. Condensation Chapter 10 Sections 10.6 through 10.11

  2. General Considerations General Considerations • Heat transfer to a surface occurs by condensation when the surface temperature is less than the saturation temperature of an adjoining vapor. • Film Condensation Entire surface is covered by the condensate, which flows continuously from the surface and provides a resistance to heat transfer between the vapor and the surface. Thermal resistance is reduced through use of short vertical surfaces and horizontal cylinders. Characteristic of clean, uncontaminated surfaces. • Dropwise Condensation Surface is covered by drops ranging from a few micrometers to agglomerations visible to the naked eye.

  3. General Considerations (cont). Thermal resistance is greatly reduced due to absence of a continuous film. Surface coatings may be applied to inhibit wetting and stimulate dropwise condensation.

  4. Thickness and flow rate of condensate increase with increasing x Generally, the vapor is superheated and may be part of a mixture that includes noncondensibles. A pure vapor at Film Condensation: Vertical Plates Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate • Distinguishing Features A shear stress at the liquid/vapor interface induces a velocity gradient in the vapor, as well as the liquid. • Nusselt Analysis for Laminar Flow Assumptions: Negligible shear stress at liquid/vapor interface.

  5. The boundary layer approximation, may be applied to the film. Solutions to momentum and energy equations Vertical Plates (cont) Negligible advection in the film. Hence, the steady-state x-momentum and energy equations for the film are Hence, Film thickness:

  6. Vertical Plates (cont) Flow rate per unit width: Average Nusselt Number: Total heat transfer and condensation rates:

  7. Vertical Plates (cont) • Effects of Turbulence: Transition may occur in the film and three flow regimes may be identified and delineated in terms of a Reynolds number defined as

  8. Wavy laminar region Turbulent region Wave-free laminar region Vertical Plates (cont) (10.37) (10.38) (10.39)

  9. Assume a particular flow regime and use the corresponding expression for (Eq. 10.37, 10.38 or 10.39) to determine • If value of is consistent with assumption, proceed to determination of • If value of is inconsistent with the assumption, recompute its value using a different expression for and proceed to determination of Vertical Plates (cont) Calculation procedure:

  10. Film Condensation: Radial Systems Film Condensation on Radial Systems • A single tube or sphere: Tube: C =0.729 Sphere: C=0.826

  11. Why does decrease with increasing N? Film Condensation: Radial Systems (cont). • A vertical tier of N tubes: How is heat transfer affected if the continuous sheets (c) breakdown and the condensate drips from tube to tube (d)? What other effects influence heat transfer?

  12. Film Condensation: Internal Flow Film Condensation for a Vapor Flow in a Horizontal Tube • If vapor flow rate is small, condensate flow is circumferential and axial: • For larger vapor velocities, flow is principally in the axial direction and characterized by two-phase annular conditions.

  13. Dropwise Condensation Dropwise Condensation • Steam condensation on copper surfaces:

  14. SCHEMATIC: Problem: Condensation on a Vertical Plate Problem 10.48 a,b: Condensation and heat rates per unit width for saturated steam at 1 atm on one side of a vertical plate at 54˚C if (a) the plate height is 2.5m and (b) the height is halved.

  15. Problem: Condensation on a Vertical Plate (cont)

  16. Problem: Condensation on a Vertical Plate (cont)

  17. Problem: Condensation on a Vertical Plate (cont) COMMENT:

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