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B.Sc. Nautical Science Semester- IV

B.Sc. Nautical Science Semester- IV. SHIP MASTER’S BUSINESS-Unit 5 By Capt. K. Kumar. International Maritime Organization.

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B.Sc. Nautical Science Semester- IV

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  1. B.Sc. Nautical Science Semester- IV SHIP MASTER’S BUSINESS-Unit 5 By Capt. K. Kumar

  2. International Maritime Organization Originally established in 1958 as IMCO (Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization), under the auspicious of the United Nations, and whose name was changed to IMO (International Maritime Organization) in March 1982. IMO is responsible for measures to improve the safety of International Shipping and to prevent marine Pollution from the ships. It is also involved in legal matters, including liability and compensation issues and the facilitation of International maritime traffic. IMCO began functioning in 1959. In 1958 IMCO had only 27 members. In 1959 when it started functioning another 7 member States including India, joined the Organization. Currently (in 2010) IMO has 169 member States and three Associate members.

  3. Structure of IMO General Assembly: IMO’s governing body is the Assembly which is made up of all 169 members States and meets normally once every two years, but may also meet in an extraordinary session, if necessary. The Assembly also elects the Council. Council: Council acts as governing body in between the Assembly sessions. The Council, consisting of 40 members, is elected by the Assembly for 2 year terms, beginning after each regular session of the Assembly. Council is the executive organ of the IMO and is responsible, under the Assembly, for supervising the work of the Organization. Other functions of Council are: to co-ordinate the activities of various organs of the IMO; to consider the draft work program and budget estimates of the Organization and submit it to Assembly;

  4. IMO structure contd.. To receive reports and proposals of the Committees and other organs and submit it to Assembly and Member States with appropriate comments and recommendations; To appoint Secretary General with the approval of the Assembly; To enter into agreements or arrangements concerning the relationship of the Organization with other organizations, subject to approval by the Assembly.

  5. Main Committees of IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC): It is the highest technical body of the IMO and consists of all members. It’s functions include “to consider any matter within the scope of IMO concerned with aids to Navigation, construction and equipment of vessels, manning from safety standpoint, rules for preventing collisions, handling IMDG cargoes, maritime safety procedures and requirements, hydrographic information, log books and navigational records, marine casualty investigations, salvage and rescue and any other matter directly affecting maritime safety. The “expanded MSC” adopts amendments to conventions such as SOLAS and includes all member States, including those countries which are party to Conventions, such as SOLAS, but are not IMO members.

  6. IMO Committees…. The Maritime Environment Protection Committee (MEPC): It also consists of all member states, is empowered to consider any matter within the scope of the Organization, concerned with prevention and control of pollution from ships. The MSC and MEPC are assisted in their work by 9 Sub-committees which are also open to all member states and they deal with the following subjects:

  7. Functions of Committees …contd... -Bulk liquids & Gases (BLG); -Carriage of Dangerous goods, solid cargoes and containers (DSC); -Fire protection (FP); -Radio communication and Search & Rescue (COMSAR); -Safety of Navigation (NAV); -Ship design and equipment (DE); -Stability and Load lines and Fishing vessel’s safety (SLF); -Standards of Training and watch-keeping (STW); -Flag State implementation (FSI).

  8. IMO Committees contd…. Legal Committee: It is empowered to deal with any legal matters within the scope of the Organization. It consists of all member States. Technical Coordination Committee (TCC): It is required to consider any matter within the scope of the Organization concerned with the implementation of technical co-operation projects for which IMO acts as the Executing or cooperating agency and any other matter related to the organization’s activities in the technical cooperation field. It also consists of all members. Facilitation Committee: It is a subsidiary body of the Council and it deals with IMO’s work in eliminating unnecessary formalities and ‘red tape’ in international shipping. Participation in the Facilitation committee is open to all member States of IMO.

  9. IMO Conventions IMO adopts the legislation/ Conventions while individual Governments are responsible for implementing it. The process of making an international convention a law of your own country is called ‘Ratification’. Some States lack the expertise, experience and resources necessary to properly implement the conventions while others perhaps give enforcement of conventions a low priority. This is reflected in the fact that the worst fleets have casualty rates a hundred times worse than those in the best fleets. The most important IMO convention contains provisions for governments to inspect foreign ships visiting their ports (through Port State Control) to ensure that they meet IMO standards. If they do not, they can be detained until repairs/rectifications are carried out.

  10. IMO Conventions… IMO has the authority to vet the training, examination and certification procedures of Contracting parties to the International Convention on STCW 1978. This was one of the most important changes made in the 1995 amendments to the convention which entered into force on 1st feb’1997. The intention of IMO is to adopt international treaties which can be applied to as many ships world-wide as possible. Unanimity of this kind inevitably takes time as it depends both on IMO and more importantly on the member state’s governments how fast they act. Generally if a convention or protocol/amendment thereto, effects large nos. of ships, ship owners and the Governments it needs widest acceptance/ratification which may take many years before it can come into force, e.g. SOLAS, MARPOL.

  11. IMO contd… -On the other hand if the subject matter is only applicable to only few ship owners, owning particular type of ships, or to a particular geographical area or region then the acceptance/ratification of a convention, or amendment thereto, can be accomplished within few months, e.g. Conventions relating to Passenger ships, or any specialized ships. Also when speed is required IMO can act very rapidly. A recent example being adoption in December 2002 of ISPS Code , as a chapter of SOLAS 1974, regarding security against International terrorism- largely in response to 9/11 attacks in USA.

  12. IMO Conventions contd…. One of the most important improvement in it’s procedures has been the process known as “tacit acceptance’ which has been included in most technical conventions or amendments thereto, adopted by IMO since the early 1970s. The normal procedure for adopting amendments to a convention had been by means of ‘explicit acceptance’. This means the amendments enter into force so many months after being explicitly accepted by a specified nos. of parties to the original convention. The tacit acceptance procedure means that Amendments which are nearly always adopted unanimously, enter into force on a set date unless they are specifically rejected by a specified nos. of parties, usually 1/3rd of members.

  13. IMO Procedure for adoption of a Convention/Amendment Any member state who feels the necessity for a new convention or to amend a convention raises the issue through it’s representative in any of the Committee or sub-committee where it will be deliberated; Committee will notify the Council; If Council members feel convinced, they will either advise the Assembly suitably or may just initiate the procedure for the new convention/amendment to a convention by advising the concerned committee to consult empanelled specialized bodies/ organizations, professional consultants, Classification Societies and other Shipping Institutions having expert knowledge on the subject and prepare a draft . After the Committee has submitted the draft, the Secretary General shall forward copy of such draft to all member states inviting their comments and recommendations within a specified period, depending upon the urgency and importance of the subject matter.

  14. Procedure contd.. After receipt of the recommendations/ comments the Secretary General shall advise the Council who shall request the concerned committees to prepare the revised draft convention/amendment which will be acceptable to most of the members, if not all. If Council is itself authorized to adopt, it shall prepare for the adoption of such amendment by putting to vote in the Council, after it has been recommended by the concerned committee having representation of all member states. The proposed revised amendment with minor correction, if required, may then be adopted by the Council. However if Convention/Protocol can only be adopted by the Assembly, then the Secretary General will forward the revised draft to all member states along with the invitation for the next Assembly session and by including the resolution for adoption of such convention/protocol/amendment in the agenda of the Assembly.

  15. Procedure contd…. As per the existing rules 2/3rd majority of members present is required to pass any resolution in the Assembly. Once resolution has been passed/adopted the convention shall be open for signature by the member States , usually for a period of 12 months. Adopted convention/amendment will incorporate terms and conditions set for it’s coming into force. Generally it comes into force only after min. nos. of member States owning certain min. %age tonnage of the World shipping have accepted or ratified it. The exact date of coming into force will normally be 6 or 12 months after the set criteria about ratification/acceptance/ accession has been met. Many protocols/amendments never come into force when the set criteria is not met. -----------

  16. MARPOL ANNEXES. I - 8 C.P.Rayen

  17. MARPOL ANNEXES 1. POLLUTION BY OIL : Entry into force – 02.10.1983. Revised _ 01.01.2007. 2. POLLUTION BY NOXIOUS LIQUID _ 06.04.1987. Revised _ 01.01.2007. 3. POLLUTION BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN PACKAGED FORM _ 01.07.1992. 4. POLLUTION BY SEWAGE _ 27.09.2003. Revised _ 27.09.2008. 5. POLLUTION BY GARBAGE _ 31.12.1988. 6. POLLUTION BY AIR _ 19.05.2005. Revised _ 01.07.2010. 7.BALLAST WATER TREATMENT(Adoption) _ 13.02.2004 8. POLLUTION BY ANTI FOULING SYSTEMS _ 17.09.2008.

  18. OIL POLLUTION BACKGROUND • World’s 1st Tanker was in late 19th century. Carried kerosene for lighting. • Invention of motor cars fuelled demand for OIL. • World War II, tanker size was 16,400 DWT. • 1950 onwards Tanker fleet grew rapidly. • 1959 – 1st tanker of 1,00,000 DWT. • Mid 1960 – Tanker of 2,00,000 DWT. VLCC . • OILPOL 1954 Prevention of pollution by OIL by ‘UK’ • 1958 IMO. Came into existence. • 1950 – cleaning of oil tanks, resulting mixture pumped into sea.

  19. OILPOL 1954 – prohibited oil mixture discharge into sea within certain distance from land in special areas. • 1967 ‘TORREY CANYON’ ran aground while entering English Channel & spilled 1,20,000 tons crude oil into sea. Biggest ever pollution incident recorded. • Above incident and chain of incidents that eventually led to the adoption of ‘MARPOL’ • 1969 –OILPOL 1954 Convention amended ‘Load on Top’. Saving & reducing pollution. Water was pumped OBD & the oil pumped on the oil kept in the tank. • Apart from oil tankers, chemical tankers increased. • 1971 – IMO adopted amendments to Oil Pollution Act 1954, which limited the size of cargo tank in all tankers after 1972. • 1973 – Oct-Nov. incorporated much of oil Pol 1954 and its amendments into Annexes I, while other Annexes covered Chemicals, Harmful substances in packaged form, sewage &Garbage.

  20. Introduced Shore Reception Facility at terminals and special areas more stringent regulations, Mediteranian Sea, red Sea, Gulf Area & Baltic Sea. • Annex –I, Reg.13, Segregated Ballast tanks on new tankers over 70,000 DWT • Slow progress on ratifying Annex II. • 1976 – 1977, tanker accidents near US coast. Trading of ‘Agro Merchant’ led to more stringent regulations on accidents & Operational Pollutions. • ‘Agro Merchant’ ran aground in US waters, Dec. 1976, 27,000 tons huge public concern. Oil slick threatened resorts & fishing industry. • 1978 Tanker safety & Pollution Prevention, crude oil tankers of 20,000DWT & all new product carriers of 30,000 DWT require Segregated Ballast Tanks. • New tankers >20,000 DWT require to fit Crude Oil Washing System. • Just after one month of 1978 conference, Amoco Cadiz spilled 2,23,000 tons of crude oil, off France. 130 beaches of 30cms thick oil slick. • Sufficient states had ratified MARPOL by October 1982 & MARPOL 1973/1978 Convention, entered into force on 2nd October, 1983.

  21. March 1989 ‘Exxon Valdez’ 1,264,155 barrels of crude oil ran aground in the NE portion of Prince William Sound spilling about 1/5th of its cargo, off US. • US introduce oil pollution act of 1990 (OPA 90), making mandatory in US waters, to have double hull. • 1992 Jan. IMO decided on two designs, Double Hull & Mid-Height Deck. • Reg.13F – Double hull entered into force July 1993. • Tankers delivered on or after 6th July 1996. • Existing tankers 30 years after the date of delivery. • Tankers of 5,000DWT and above must be fitted with double bottom & wing tanks to full depth of ship side. • Tankers of 600 DWT and above <5,000DWT must be fitted with double bottom. • Capacity of each tank 700m3, unless they are fitted with double hull.

  22. Reg.13G- Enhanced programme of inspection to be implemented for tankers >5 years. • 12th Dec. 1999, 37,238 DWT tanker ‘ERIKA’ broke into two off the coast of Britton & France, carrying 30,000 tons of heavy oil, spilled 14,000 tons of oil. • More than 100 miles of Atlantic coast line was polluted. • This accelerated the phase out of single hull • Revised MARPOL adopted in October 2004 and entered into force on Jan.1st 2007.

  23. Major Recorded Oil Spills • 1978 Amoco Cadiz • 220,000 tons • 1979 Atlantic Empress • 160,000 tons • 1967 Torrey Canyon • 119,000 tons • 1993 Braer • 85,000 tons • 1996 Sea Empress • 72,000 tons • 1989 Exxon Valdez • 38,800 tons

  24. Prevention of Pollution by Oil Oil tankers transport some 1,800 million tonnes of crude oil around the world by sea including 50 percent of U.S. oil imports (crude oil and refined products).  Most of the time, oil is transported quietly and safely. Measures introduced by IMO have helped ensure that the majority of oil tankers are safely built and operated and are constructed to reduce the amount of oil spilled in the event of an accident. Operational pollution, such as from routine tank cleaning operations, has also been cut. The most important regulations for preventing pollution by oil from ships are contained in Annex I of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea  (SOLAS), 1974 also includes special requirements for tankers.

  25. Annex - 1Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by OIL • Entry into force – 02nd October 1983. • Revised ‘’ _ 01.January 2007 C.P.Rayen

  26. EFFECT OF OIL POLLUTION

  27. ANNEX I ADDRESSES ISSUES REGARDING PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPS. ADOPTED ON 02/OCT/1983.(Initially), Amendments are included as per requirements. C.P.Rayen

  28. CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS (5 REGULATIONS) C.P.Rayen

  29. LAYOUT • 8 CHAPTERS (July 2009) • 39 REGULATIONS • 5 APPENDICES C.P.Rayen

  30. CHAPTER II Surveys & certifications (6 REGULATIONS) C.P.Rayen

  31. CHAPTER III REQUIREMENTS FOR Machinery spaces of all ships Part A – Construction Part B – Equipment Part C – Control of operational discharge of oil. (6 REGULATIONS) C.P.Rayen

  32. CHAPTER IV Requirements for the cargo areas of oil tankers Part A – Construction Part b – Equipment Part C – Control of operational discharge of oil Part D – General requirements (19 REGULATIONS) C.P.Rayen

  33. CHAPTER V Prevention of oil pollution arising from an oil pollution incident (Regulation 1) C.P.Rayen

  34. CHAPTER V REG 37 SHIPBOARD OIL POLLUTION EMERGENCY PLAN (SOPEP) C.P.Rayen

  35. CHAPTER VI Reception facility (Regulation 1) C.P.Rayen

  36. CHAPTER VII Special requirements for fixed or floating Platforms (1 Regulation) C.P.Rayen

  37. CHAPTER VIII (NEW) Prevention of Pollution during transfer of oil cargo between oil tankers at sea

  38. CHAPTER IX Special requirements for the use or carriage of oils in the ANTARTIC AREA.

  39. CERTIFICATE VALIDITY • SHALL NOT EXCEED 5 YEARS FROM DATE OF ISSUE • CEASES TO BE VALID • IF THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS • UPON TRANSFER OF FLAG C.P.Rayen

  40. PORT STATE CONTROL • SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION • DETENTION C.P.Rayen

  41. SPECIAL AREAS NO DISCHARGE FROM CARGO SPACES Of a oil tanker

  42. REG.34B, DISCHARGE IN SPECIAL AREAS • Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixture from the cargo area of an oil tanker shall be prohibited while in special area. • This shall not apply to the discharge of clean or segregated ballast.

  43. Discharge of Oil In respect of the ‘ANTARTIC AREA’ Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from any ship shall be prohibited. C.P.Rayen

  44. Special areas Areas Date of entry • Mediterranean Sea area. 02.10.1983. • Baltic Sea area 02.10.1983. • Black sea. 02.10.1983. • Red Sea area. 02.10.1983. • Gulf Sea area, 0 2.10.1983. • Gulf of Aden area. 01.04.1989. • Antarctic area. 17.03.1992. • North-West European waters.01.02.1999. • Omen Sea area. 01.01.2007. • Southern South Africa 01.03.2008. C.P.Rayen

  45. Step by Step Incident of Sinking of TOREY CANYON 1) Torrey Canyon aground and spilling oil 2) Tugs abandoning her after futile attempt to free her. 3) Now split into two halves. 4) Close-up of the bridge being swamped by the waves. 5) Bridge almost submerged. 6) Stern awash. 7) Stern sinking. 8) Breaking up. 9) Clouds of smoke is all that remains after being bombed and fired upon. C.P.Rayen

  46. TOREY CANYON C.P.Rayen

  47. AMOCO CARDIZ C.P.Rayen

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