1. Cell Division

2. 4 day old mouse cells

3. Section 1 Vocabulary • 1. Cell cycle • 2. Interphase • 3. Mitosis • 4. Cytokinesis • 5. Chromosome • 6. Chromatin

4. Cells are small!But why? • As cells get bigger, the surface area to volume ratio changes and makes it harder for certain things to occur in the cell!

5. -causes problems with the transport of materials            -larger cells need more "stuff" but only so much can cross the cell membrane at a time

6. Surface area to volume lab demo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuG4ZZ1GbzI&feature=youtube_gdata_player • Why are cells so small??? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuXSEOKNxN8&feature=youtube_gdata_player

7. Lab groups of 6 • 2 will measure/time the 1cm cube • 2 will measure/time the 2 cm cube • 2 will measure/time the 3 cm cube • On your own notebook paper • Write: • Title, data chart, calculations for your cube, observations as it happens. Add the group data to your data chart. Put your paper in your notebook. • The group will compile one report from this to turn in together for a grade! Answer all questions

8. Cell communication • Cell communication can not take place if the cell is too large because it involves signaling proteins that would be too far away from the molecules.

9. -cell division solves a cell's size problem • a cell needs a large surface area relative to its volume  • (a high surface-to-volume ratio) to survive When the cell reaches its size limit it will stop growing or it will divide!

10. Why do we need cell division? to grow, replace worn-out or damaged cells, or reproduce asexually.

11. Cell cycle

12. Stages of Interphase  Normal cell day to day life of a cell!! -interphase = when the cell grows, carries out cellular functions and replicates its DNA to prepare for the division phase! Or the period between cell divisions. It is the longest of the phases! • -Gap 1 (G1)     -cell growth & development • -DNA Synthesis (S)     -replication of DNA • -Gap 2 (G2)     -creation of materials needed for division • Doubling the nuclear material in the S-phase provides enough DNA to generate 2 complete nuclei at the end of mitosis.  This ensures that each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. 

13. Mitosis and Cell Division • All cells go through a cell cycle composed of cell division portion (mitosis) and "resting period" (interphase).

14. How do some cells know to become lung cells and others to become heart or muscle?

15. Genes on the chromosomes (made up of DNA) contain the instructions for building the proteins required for each cell type. • Cell to cell communication helps cells differentiate into the specialized cells.

16. Nucleus • Usually large enough to be seen with light microscope. Double membrane (nuclear envelope) bound organelle with pores. The nucleus is the "control center" for the cell since it contains the hereditary material

17. DNA • within chromatin. • Condensed chromatin (during cell division) is visible with the microscope as chromosomes. • Inside the nucleus is a dark staining region called the nucleolus which is involved in making ribosomal RNA (rRNA). • Think of this as city hall • (archives genealogical data)!

18. How does a Eukaryotic cell reproduce? • DNA is organized into chromosomes and segments called genes that code for proteins.

20. How DNA is packaged!6 feet in a cell, WOW! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbSIBhFwQ4s&feature=youtube_gdata_player

21. Chromosomes are DNA and protein that become visible when the cell is ready to divide.

22. Making a chromosome • 1. DNA is 1st copied 2 identical strands make up chromatids • 2nd the DNA wraps around proteins called histones the chromatids connect at the center called the centromere.

23. How chromosome # and structure affect development • Each body cell (somatic cell ) has 23 different chromosome pairs for a total of 46 • Each chromosome has thousands of genes on them that are essential to life!

24. What are sets of chromosomes called? • Homologous pairs • Homologous chromosomes are ones that are similar in size, shape and information that they contain. • One comes from each parent

26. 2 sets of 23 make up the 46 in a human. • 1 set from mother 23 • 1 set from father 23 • 46

28. Chromosomes • Are present in the nucleus. Occur as chromatin (uncondensed) and chromosomes (condensed during cell division). Composed of a strand of DNA and associated proteins. The DNA stores and transmits genetic information, while the proteins are important for packaging these long strands of DNA.

30. Details of DNA structure • DNA is a double helix composed of a backbone of phosphate and sugar groups. • From the sugars, nucleotide bases protrude. Four nucleotides exist in DNA: A, C, G, and T. • A pairs with T, • G with C. • The two strands run antiparallel (opposite directions) and the bases hydrogen bond together. Genes are composed of sections of DNA that encompass hundreds to thousands of base pairs.

32. Prokaryotic Cells • Since Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus they reproduce my a much simpler method with out the cell cycle that eukaryotes have. It is called binary fission.

33. Binary Fission • The chromosome replicates and the cell divides making 2 exact copies of the cell.

34. Asexual reproduction • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9DNWcqxI4&feature=youtube_gdata_player

35. There is little room for variation in this process so the cells are almost like clones of each other!

36. 1. What factor limits the size of a cell the most? Surface area to volume ratio_ • 2. How do most substances move from one area of the cell to another? Difusion • 3. Is this movement easier when the cell is small or large? Small • 4. How does cell size affect cell communication? If it gets too large it will no be able to communicate.

37. 5. Draw the cell cycle label the parts of the phases. Include G1, S, G2 Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.

38. 6. Which phase seems to be the longest? interphase 7. What happens in Mitosis? The genetic material divides • 8. What happens in cytokinesis? The cytoplasm and organelles divide 9. What happens in the G1 phase of interphase? -cell growth & development • 10. What happens in the S phase? -replication of DNA • 11. What happens in the G2 Phase? creation of materials needed for division • 12. What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin? Chromosomes are packaged and only show up when the cell is ready to divide, chromatin is the unwound form of DNA when it is in use by the cell. • 13. Do prokaryotic cells divide with this cell cycle? No What is the method they use called? Binary fission

39. How does a Eukaryotic cell reproduce? • DNA is organized into chromosomes and segments called genes that code for proteins.

40. Section 2 Vocabulary: • 1. Prophase • 2. Metaphase • 3. Anaphase • 4. Telophase • 5. Sister chromatid • 6. Centromere • 7. Spindle apparatus

41. Stages of mitosis • The division of the nucleus is considered a separate process from the division of the cytoplasm. • Mitosis: nucleus division • Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division

43. chromosome • Spindle apparatus

44. spindle

48. Mitosis video! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&feature=youtube_gdata_player

49. Prophase • the chromatids continue to condense; the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate; • the spindle apparatus forms (fibers composed of microtubules responsible for the movement of the chromosomes); • kinetochores form (protein containing structures that serve to attach the chromatids to the spindle fibers)

50. Metaphase • spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the kinetochores; • kinetochore fibers orient the chromosomes so that only one chromatid will move to each pole {8-13R} • the central region where the chromosomes align is called the equator or metaphase plate