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Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae. BSC 2011C – Fund of Bio II Spring 2007 – J. Laborda. Introduction. Botany Importance of the Plant Kingdom It provides a majority of our food It provides a majority of our energy Plants produce some of our oxygen Plants provide a variety of products

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Kingdom Plantae

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  1. Kingdom Plantae BSC 2011C – Fund of Bio II Spring 2007 – J. Laborda

  2. Introduction • Botany • Importance of the Plant Kingdom • It provides a majority of our food • It provides a majority of our energy • Plants produce some of our oxygen • Plants provide a variety of products • Plants are also important to us in a sort of spiritual way, a source of beauty, comfort, relaxation, etc…

  3. Introduction • Basic Plant Kingdom Information • Cellular Structure • Eukaryotic and Multicellular • Cell walls are present made of cellulose • Most have chlorophyll (green) and other pigments within chloroplasts • Carry out photosynthesis • They are autotrophs

  4. Introduction • Basic Plant Kingdom Information (cont) • Reproduction • They reproduce sexually, though many also have forms of asexual reproduction

  5. Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups • The kingdom is currently divided into 10 phyla • See Appendix D in Campbell/Reece text • These 10 phyla can be placed into three major groups • Nonvascular plants • Vascular plants without seeds • Vascular plants with seeds

  6. Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups (cont) • Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes) • Lack vascular tissues • There are currently three phyla in this group • Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts) • Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) • Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

  7. Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups (cont) • Vascular plants without seeds • A seed contains a young plant and stored food inside a protective seed coat • There are currently two phyla in this group: • Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes) • Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

  8. Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups (cont) • Vascular plants with seeds (contains two sub-groups) • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) • Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) • Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) • Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) • Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) • Flowering plants (Angiosperms) • Phylum Anthophyta

  9. Plant Classification • Nonvascular Plants • At one time all nonvascular plants were classified in phylum bryophyta • The word bryophyta means “moss plant” • This group (nonvascular plants) contains the mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Anthocerophyta) • Epiphytes

  10. Mosses

  11. Moss

  12. Moss

  13. Moss

  14. Plant Classification • Nonvascular Plants (cont) • Life cycle of a moss: • It illustrates “alternation of generations” • The two generations (act of producing) are: • Gametophyte generation - multicellular haploid form that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation • Sporophyte generation – the multicellular diplid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation

  15. Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Haploid (n) Sperm Diploid (2n) “Bud” Antheridia Protonemata “Bud” Egg Spores Gametophore Arclegonia Femalegametophyte Peristome Rhizoid Sporangium Seta FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Capsule(sporangium) (within archegonium) Zygote Calyptra Maturesporophytes Mature sporophytes Embryo Foot Archegonium Youngsporophytes Femalegametophytes Capsule with peristome (LM) Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss(layer 3) Page 581 Gametophyte Sporophyte

  16. Antheridia

  17. Archegonia

  18. Young sporophyte

  19. Plant Classification • Nonvascular Plants (cont) • Economic importance of the nonvascular plants (bryophytes)???

  20. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants Without Seeds • These are plants with vascular tissues for transporting water and minerals throughout the plant • This group (vascular plants w/o seeds) contains the lycophytes (Lycophyta), ferns, horsetails, & whisk ferns (Pterophyta) • Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes) • Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

  21. Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)

  22. Ferns (pterophytes – true ferns ?filicinophytes?)

  23. Horsetails (pterophytes – ?sphenophytes?)

  24. Whisk fern in San Fran Psilotum nudum bearing sporangia Whisk ferns - pterophytes (?psilophytes?)

  25. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants Without Seeds (cont) • They do not produce seeds, but rather spores • Spores are a single cell with a protective coat

  26. 1 Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. The fern spore develops into a small, photosynthetic gametophyte. 3 Although this illustration shows an egg and sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between gametophytes. 2 • The life cycle of a fern Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Page 585 Antheridium Young gametophyte Spore MEIOSIS Sporangium Sperm Archegonium Egg Mature sporophyte New sporophyte Zygote Sporangium FERTILIZATION Sorus On the underside of the sporophyte‘s reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia. 6 Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. 4 Gametophyte 5 A zygote develops into a new sporophyte, and the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte. Fiddlehead Figure 29.12

  27. Fern Antheridium

  28. Fern Archegonium

  29. Fern sori  Fern sporangia

  30. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) • The seeds of a gymnosperm are not enclosed in an ovary • They lie on tiny shelves • Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) • Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) • Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) • Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)

  31. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Coniferophyta • Several families of conifers in this phylum • Pine family: pines, cedars, spruces, furs • Cypress family: cypresses & junipers • Yew family: yews • Redwood family: redwoods, sequoias, bald cypresses (have needles instead of scales like the Cypress Family)

  32. Key Haploid (n) Ovule Diploid (2n) Megasporocyte (2n) Ovulate cone Integument Longitudinal section of ovulate cone Micropyle Pollen cone Microsporocytes (2n) Megasporangium Mature sporophyte (2n) Germinating pollen grain Pollen grains (n) (containing male gametophytes) MEIOSIS MEIOSIS Longitudinal section of pollen cone Surviving megaspore (n) Sporophyll Microsporangium Seedling Germinating pollen grain Archegonium Egg (n) Integument Female gametophyte Seeds on surface of ovulate scale Germinating pollen grain (n) Food reserves (gametophyte tissue) (n) Seed coat (derived from parent sporophyte) (2n) Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Pollen tube Embryo (new sporophyte) (2n) FERTILIZATION Egg nucleus (n) Figure 30.6 The Life Cycle of a Pine

  33. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) • e.g., Sago palm – female pic above right, see p. 594 for a great pic of a male cycad • About 130 species left today…much more diverse in the past

  34. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgos) • Ginkgo biloba is the only extant species • Male & female plants are separate, females put out a real bad smell • Males are prized as an ornamental • The fan-shaped leaves turn gold in autumn

  35. Ginkgo biloba

  36. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) (only 3 families) • EPHEDRACEAE • Ephedra 40 species. Europe to China, Mexico and US, S. America. • GNETACEAE • Gnetum 28 species. Indomalesia, amazonian S. America, tropical W. Africa. • WELWITSCHIACEAE • Welwitschia One species (W. mirabilis) of Angola and SW Africa.

  37. Ephedra viridis

  38. Ephedra sinica

  39. Gnetum

  40. Welwitschiamirabilis

  41. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds • Flowering plants (Angiosperms) • Seeds enclosed in an ovary • Only one phylum – P. Anthophyta • Mature ovary called a “fruit” • E.g., oranges, tomatoes, corn kernels, pea pods • Only one phylum = Phylum Anthophyta

  42. Fruits

  43. Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Microsporangium Anther Microsporocytes (2n) Mature flower on sporophyte plant (2n) MEIOSIS Microspore (n) Generative cell Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Tube cell Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Ovary Pollen grains MEIOSIS Germinating Seed Stigma Pollen tube Megasporangium (n) Embryo (2n) Sperm Endosperm (food Supply) (3n) Surviving megaspore (n) Seed Pollen tube Seed coat (2n) Style Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Synergids Egg (n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Pollen tube Zygote (2n) Nucleus of developing endosperm (3n) Egg Nucleus (n) Sperm (n) FERTILIZATION Discharged sperm nuclei (n) Life Cycle of an Angiosperm

  44. Carpel Stigma Anther Style Stamen Ovary Filament Petal Sepal Receptacle Ovule Generic Flower

  45. Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds • Flowering plants (Angiosperms) (cont) • Phylum Anthophyta – divided into two classes: • Class Monocotyledoneae (monocots) • Class Eudicotyledonae (eudicots) (the old Dicotyledonae – dicots) [see p. 602-603]

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