ANATOMY

1. ANATOMY LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

2. People went to shamans and witch doctors to help when they were sick. • ----they relied on superstitions and magic • ----learned how herbs and potions affected • body functions----treat coughs, • headaches (yellow root) • ----believed in evil spirits and supernatural • forces.

4. Greek and Latin formed the language of Anatomy and Physiology. • It is difficult to separate anatomy and physiology because structure of body parts is closely related to function. The body forms a well organized unit. • --Parts of hand (long, jointed fingers) grasping • --Tubular blood vessels –transport blood • --Heart—powerful muscle that contracts • --Shape of mouth receives food.

5. Characteristics of Life—Page 3 and 4 • ---Movement—self initiated change in organisms position---also refers to movement of materials in body. • ---Responsiveness—ability of an organism to sense changes taking place inside or outside its body and react to those changes. • ---Growth—increase in body size • ---Reproduction—process of making a new individual • ---Respiration—process of obtaining oxygen • ---Digestion—process in which food is chemically changed • ---Absorption---passage of substance through membranes • ---Circulation---movement of substances from place to place in body via body fluids. • ---Assimilation—changing of absorbed substances into forms chemically different from those that entered the body. • ---Excretion---removal of wastes.

6. Each organism has 5 basic needs—Pg. 4 and 5 • WATER---most abundant substance • FOOD---provides body with necessary chemicals. • OXYGEN---gas in air that enables body to release energy from food. • HEAT---form of energy which is vital for chemical reactions. • PRESSURE---application of force to something • ----Atmospheric pressure • ----hydrostatic pressure –blood pressure

7. Metabolism is the sum of all the physical and chemical changes in an organism • Vital signs occur as a result of metabolic activities. • Death is the absence of vital signs.

8. HOMEOSTASIS • For homeostasis to be maintained, the area inside and outside the cells must be balanced. To get this balance, the composition of the extracellular fluid (fluid outside the cells that surrounds and bathes them must remain fairly constant. Materials pass into and out of cells through this fluid. It helps maintain optimal temperature and pressure levels and proper balance of acids and bases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and chemicals in the blood.

9. EXAMPLES OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

11. Temperature • The thermostat is the temperature sensitive region in a temperature control center of the brain. • Temperature drops and heat control device causes body to: • ---Shiver (muscle contractions) • ---Blood vessels constrict (less warm blood flows through)

12. Temperature too hot: • ---Sweat glands secrete watery perspiration • ---Blood vessels dilate • ---Increase in heart rate • ---Increase in breathing rate---more heat expelled

13. Blood Pressure • Pressure sensitive parts in walls of vessels are stimulated if BP is above normal. • ---chambers contract slowly---less blood in vessels---pressure drops. • Too low---Brain signals heart to contract rapidly and force causes pressure to increase.

14. Glucose • Blood sugar increases and pancreas detects and releases chemical insulin into the blood. • Sugar moves from blood into various body cells to be stored in liver and muscles. • Too low releases glucagon and causes sugar to be released from storage into blood.

15. When the body returns to normal, we are moving in an opposite direction. • This is referred to as negative feedback. • Positive feedback is movement away from normal state. • Example: Blood clot---chemicals present promote more clottin • POSITIVE FEEDBACK LEADS TO DEATH!

17. Stress • Some people feel that stress is the key factor in most illnesses. Stressors are factors that cause imbalances in the body. • Stress is an overall disruption that forces the body to make adaptive changes. • Stress is implicated either directly or indirectly in cancer, coronary heart disease, lung disorders, accidental injuries, and suicides • These are the five leading causes of death in the United States.

18. Examples of Stresses: • 1. Physical----heat/noise • 2. Chemical----food/hormones • 3. Microbiological---virus/bacteria • 4. Physiological---tumors/abnormal functions • 5. Developmental----old age/genetics • 6. Psychological---emotional/mental

19. Two of the five best selling drugs are stress related: • Zantac (anti ulcer) • Xanax (tranquilizer) • Some stress is beneficial. Walking puts stress on bones and joints. It strengthens muscles. Too little exercise weakens them.

20. Anatomy terminology • 1. Anatomy—branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body parts---form and arrangement. • 2. Physiology---the function of body parts---what they do and how they do it. • 3. Regional anatomy---study of specific regions like head and neck. • 4. Systemic anatomy---study of different systems of body. (example: reproductive and digestive.

21. 5. Gross anatomy---includes both regional and systemic and can be studied without using a microscope. • 6. Microscopic and ultramicroscopic anatomy---includes regional and systemic and uses microscope. • 7. Embryological---study of prenatal development. • 8. Developmental---study of human growth and development from fertilized egg to mature adult.

22. 9. Radiographic anatomy---study of structures of body using x-rays and imaging techniques. • All organs but one are directed toward one major goal of the body--- • Reproductive organs (maintain life of species)

23. Prominent Men in Anatomy • Hippocrates – (Greek physician)---first widely used book of medical practice in Western world (Hippocratic oath) • http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/hippoc.html

24. Galen---(Greek physician)---he was on the brink of many discoveries but mystical belief held him back. • http://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/galen.htm

25. Theophrastus Hohenheim-(German)---wrote under the name Paracelsus---studied action of human body---held back because chemistry field not advanced. • http://www.alchemylab.com/paracelsus.htm

26. William Harvey-(English)---wrote An Anatomical Dissertation on the movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals. He demonstrated the flow of blood was a circulatory movement including artery, vein, and capillary. • http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/harvey.html

27. Marcello Malpighi (Italian)---He helped back up Harvey’s idea of blood flow.

28. Claude Bernard---one of the great physiologists of the 19th century. He learned function of pancreatic juice---also discovered mechanism of carbon monoxide poisoning in cells. • http://users.wmin.ac.uk/~mellerj/physiology/bernard.htm

29. Pavlov---studied digestive responses of animals to symbols • http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/pavlov/ • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhpavl.html

30. Cajal and Golgi---developed silver staining technique which made the detailed structure of nerve cells visible for first time. • http://nobelprize.org/medicine/articles/grant/

31. Banting, Best, and Macloud---credited for isolation of insulin and its application of treatment of diabetes. • http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-702/science_technology/diabetes/

32. Landsteiner---developed nomenclature for typing of human blood into four groups.

33. Kendall and Reichstein—produced cortisone which can be used to treat a variety of diseases. • http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1950/index.html

34. Levels of Organization • Atoms are tiny invisible particles that form molecules which in turn form macromolecules. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism. • Organelles are tiny parts that comprise a cell and carry on specific activities. It is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

35. Organization of the body • The human body is divided into: • A. Axial portion • -----head • -----neck • -----trunk • B. Appendicular • -----arms • -----legs

36. The axial portion is divided into two cavities: Cranial Cavity (Brain) • Dorsal cavity Spinal Cavity (Vertebral canal) (Spinal Cord) (Vertebrae)

37. Thoracic cavity ---diaphragm ---mediastinum • Ventral cavity Abdominopelvic cavity ---Upper and lower pelvic

40. Organs in cavities are called visceral organs. • Thoracic cavity is separated from abdominopelvic cavity by a thin muscle called the diaphragm. • The thoracic cavity includes the lungs and region between the lungs called the mediastinum. It separates the thorax into two compartments that contain the right and left lungs.

41. Other thoracic viscera include the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus (located in mediastinum)

44. The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body. It includes the upper abdominal portion and lower pelvic portion. Visceral organs include the stomach, spleen, gall bladder, liver, most of the large and small intestine.

45. The pelvic cavity includes the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs.

46. Other cavities of the body • Orbital cavity---eyes and muscles with them • Middle ear cavity---middle ear bones (hammer, anvil, stirrups) • Oral cavity----contains teeth and tongue • Nasal cavity---contains nose—divided into right and left sides by nasal septum.

47. Parietal pleura—(membrane attached to wall of a cavity) Membrane that lines the walls of the right and left thoracic compartments. • Visceral pleura –(deeper and associated with internal organs) Membrane that covers the organ itself) • Serous fluid—watery fluid separating the parietal and visceral pleura membranes • Pleura cavity---Space between membrane (really does not exist)

49. Heart • Pericardial membrane----surrounds heart • Visceral pericardium---(epicardium) covers heart surface • Parietal pericardium---covers visceral pericardium • Pericardial cavity—space between two membranes