1. Organization of a paper:Signposting and punctuation Reference: Swales, J. & Feak, C. 1994. Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.

2. We’ve been talking about flow… • Language of academic papers  vocabulary shift • Organizing information in a paper  paragraphs and sentences • Now, to establish a clear connection of ideas… • Use linking words and phrases as well as punctuation

3. Part 1: Linking words and phrases : • Can help maintain flow and establish clear relationships between ideas • Can be arranged according to their function and grammatical use

4. This (these)+ summary word • ESL lecturers know that students need to understand the differences between formal and informal language. However, this understanding cannot usually be aquired quickly. • Refers to the previous phrase (givennew)

5. Part 2: Punctuation • Sentence connectors raise the important issue of punctuation • You have to learn the proper use of punctuation in English and in your field • We only deal with some punctuation, namely comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:) and dash(-)

6. Semicolon • Join two completely independent sentences • Work much like a full stop (period) • Air traffic delays due to high traffic volume have increased considerably over the last decade; these delays have become a major public policy issue. • Can be used with sentence connectors • Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.

7. Semicolon • Can be used to separate rather long items in list: • Some of the solutions to the air traffic delay problem include increasing the size of airports that routinely experiece flight delays; overhauling the air traffic control system so that more flights can be safely handled; and increasing landing fees. • Note that usually you separate items in a list with a comma

8. Colon and Comma • Weaker stops • Comma (,) separates items in a list • Colon (:) introduces a list • Commas used with conjunctions (and, but, or) and subordinators (although, if, whereas) • There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather, excessive volume, runway closures, and equipment outages.

9. Dash • Sometimes a dash is used to introduce a list • Mostly, though, dash is used to intrude additional information to a sentence, much like brackets (). • There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather – such as a snowstorm – may ground planes…