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Organic Molecules of Life

Organic Molecules of Life. Organic molecules :. are compounds created by living organisms contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. Carbon atoms:. need four electrons to fill their outer electron shell Must form four bonds with other elements. These are covalent bonds.

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Organic Molecules of Life

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  1. Organic Molecules of Life

  2. Organic molecules : • are compounds created by living organisms • contain the elements carbon and hydrogen

  3. Carbon atoms: • need four electrons to fill their outer electron shell • Must form four bonds with other elements. • These are covalent bonds. • Most often bond with Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and other Carbon atoms 6 P 6 N

  4. These can include: • Single bonds (one electron shared) • Double bonds (two electrons shared) • Or triple bonds (three electrons shared)

  5. Carbon Atoms: Can bond with other atoms of carbon to form long chains These chains can be: Straight Branched Rings

  6. Isomers • Molecules with the same formula • Atoms are arranged differently • Carbons are branched in various ways

  7. Functional groups: • Are special groups of atoms that stay together and act as a single unit • can bond with the carbon chains • determine how the entire molecule will react.

  8. The functional groups you need to know are:

  9. Hydroxyl Group • one oxygen and one hydrogen • usually written as • -OH Oxygen Hydrogen

  10. Carboxyl Group • one carbon with a double bond to an oxygen AND a single bond to a hydroxyl group • usually written as COOH or O=C–OH • Creates an organic acid (carboxylic) Oxygen Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen

  11. Amino Group • one nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen • usually written as NH2 or H–N–H Hydrogen Nitrogen Hydrogen

  12. Phosphate Group: • One phosphorus bonded to two hydroxyl groups, and two other oxygens (one has a double bond) • Usually written as –P or OH O P O OH Phosphorus

  13. Biological molecules can be made up of thousands of atoms

  14. These large molecules are built from basic units called monomers. One monomer

  15. The monomers are linked together to form the large molecules called polymers. Polymer – chain of repeating monomer units

  16. Making and Breaking Polymer Bonds Monomers When two monomers are put together to form larger molecules, a water molecule is created. Polymer

  17. This process is called: Dehydration Synthesis. (Dehydration means to lose water Synthesis means to build or put things together)

  18. When polymers are broken apart, it is done by adding a water molecule.

  19. This is called Hydrolysis (hydro- for water, -lysis for breaking apart)

  20. Types of Organic Molecules There are four categories of organic molecules in organisms: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

  21. Carbohydrates

  22. What are Carbohydrates? • Organic compounds • Commonly called starches and sugars • Used as: • An energy source • Energy storage • Cellular structures

  23. Chemical Composition • Contains only three elements: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1(just like water) Example: C6H12O6 • Basic Unit is called a saccharide

  24. Types of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Simple, single (mono-) sugar unit • Building block of all other carbohydrates • Name usually ends in –ose • Used as energy source

  25. Examples of Monosaccharides • Glucose – blood sugar • Fructose – fruit sugar • Galactose – one monomer in lactose (milk) Isomers of C6H12O6

  26. Examples of Monosaccharides • Ribose and Deoxyribose • 5 - Carbon sugars in RNA and DNA

  27. Types of Carbohydrates • Disaccharides • Double sugar units synthesized from monosaccharides • All are isomers of C12H22O11 • Formed by dehydration synthesis (requires enzymes)

  28. Examples of Disaccharides • Sucrose – table sugar Glucose + Fructose • Maltose – seed sugar Glucose + Glucose • Lactose – milk sugar Glucose + Galactose

  29. Types of Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Large, complex chains of many (poly-) repeating sugar units • Polymers • Bonded together by dehydration synthesis • Used by living things as a sugar storage or for structures

  30. Examples of Polysaccharides • Amylose – plant starch • Used as sugar storage in seeds, roots, stems • Glycogen – animal starch • Used as sugar storage by humans in the liver • Cellulose • Very tough polymer • Used as a main component of cell walls • Indigestible by humans • Chitin • Very tough polymer • Used in exoskeletons (crab shells, insects)

  31. Digesting Polysaccharides • Broken apart by hydrolysis with the help of enzymes

  32. Lipids

  33. What are Lipids? • Three elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen • Ratio of H:O much greater than 2:1 • Example: Oleic acid C18H34O3 • Insoluble in water • Greasy, slippery texture • Three main groups: • Fats oils and waxes • At room temperature: Liquid – oils/Solid – fats and waxes • Phospholipids • Steroids

  34. What are the Functions of Lipids? Fats, Oils and Waxes: Long term energy storage • More than twice as much energy stored than carbohydrates • fats- 9 Calories/gram; carbohydrates- 4 Cal/g • In plants: stored in and around seeds • Peanut oil, corn oil, olive oil • In animals: stored under the skin and around internal organs • Used as insulation and shock absorber

  35. What are the Functions of Lipids? • Phospholipids • Structural Part of Cell membranes • Steroids • Part of cell membranes, transport of lipids, regulate body functions (hormones)

  36. Chemical Composition Fats Oils, Waxes • One or more fatty acids attached to a Glycerol backbone • Fatty Acids: Long chains of carbon with a carboxyl group at the end • Glycerol: C3H8O3 • Formed by dehydration synthesis • NOT a polymer Fatty Acid Glycerol Glycerol Lipid

  37. Formation of a Triglyceride:

  38. Types of Fats • Saturated • All carbons of the fatty acid have single bonds • All carbons are “filled” with hydrogen • Solid at room temperature • Associated with heart disease risk • Examples: Bacon grease, butter

  39. Types of Fats • Unsaturated • Carbons share one or more double or triple bonds with other carbons • Monounsaturated – only one double bond • Polyunsaturated – many double or triple bonds • Liquid at room temperature • Examples: corn oil, olive oil

  40. Phospholipids • Phosphate group replaces fatty acid on one end • Used as the main component of cellular membranes

  41. Steroids: Four Fused Rings • lipids with four fused hydrocarbon rings • Includes: • Cholesterol - found in animal cell membranes • Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone - sex hormones • Vitamin D • An anabolic steroid is a synthetic testosterone.

  42. Proteins

  43. Protein Functions • Structural parts • cell membrane, muscles, hair, nails, pigments • Regulators • Hormones, enzymes • Carriers • Transport materials in, out and around cells • Identification • Allow cells to recognize each other • Immune system antibodies

  44. Composition of Proteins • Elements: • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and NITROGEN • Very large, complex • Hemoglobin: C3032H4816O872N780S8Fe4 • Monomers (building blocks) are amino acids • 20 common amino acids • 9 are essential 11 are non essential

  45. Amino Acids The R group is different for each of the twenty amino acids

  46. Peptide Bonds • Chains of amino acids are called peptides • Amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis • This occurs between the carboxyl end of one amino acid and the amino end of another amino acid. • The resulting bond is called a Peptide bond

  47. Primary Structure • The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the Primary Structure • The sequence is unique for each protein and is determined by the DNA

  48. Secondary Structure • Hydrogen bonds are formed between the chains of amino acids causing different shapes.

  49. Secondary Structure Two shapes are common – a helix and a sheet. Sheet and Helix

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