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Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules. What’s an organic molecule??. Compounds made up of carbon atoms (Except CO 2 . It’s a gas!!!!!) You’re organic!! Many carbon compounds are polymers made up of monomers…. Now, we will look at a few organic molecules and their functions. Carbohydrates Lipids

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Organic Molecules

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  1. Organic Molecules

  2. What’s an organic molecule?? • Compounds made up of carbon atoms (Except CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!) • You’re organic!! • Many carbon compounds are polymers made up of monomers…..

  3. Now, we will look at a few organic molecules and their functions • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

  4. Carbohydrates – C, H and O(Mainly Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)

  5. Glucose (Monomers of the following: • Cellulose • Starch • Glycogen Carbohydrate Examples

  6. Monosaccharides ONE sugar molecule • Glucose is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide, has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and is a monomer of starch, glycogen and cellulose • The food you eat is eventually broken down into glucose for energy • As a glucose molecule is broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondrion, ATP is produced (about 36 per glucose)

  7. Polysaccharides  Many Glucose Molecules Bonded Together • A disaccharide, such as sucrose, contain 2 sugar monomers and a polysaccharide contain numerous…….Below is the polymer starch which is also a polysaccharide! • What is the monomer??

  8. Starch is a Glucose Polymer That is a Source for the Plant’s FoodGrains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

  9. Glycogen in Animals – Glucose Polymer Stored in the Liver and Muscles of Mammals **A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers **Long-term energy storage ** Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy

  10. Cellulose - Storage in Plants’ Cell Walls ** Also a polymer of Glucose **Offers the plant support ** Energy storage ** Makes up cell wall ** Food source for seeds and plant bulbs

  11. The differences in structures of carbohydrates – but remember ALL are glucose polymers!!!

  12. Lipids – C,H very little O

  13. Fatty Acid Monomers • Phospholipids • Steroids Lipid Examples

  14. Fats Only Carbon-Carbon single Bonds Has Carbon-Carbon double Bonds

  15. Fats Saturated Unsaturated Found in most veggies and oils Usually liquid at room temperature • From animal products (meat, dairy, etc.) • Solid at room temperature (Think of a stick of butter ~~You need some fat!! It cushions organs and gives you insulation…….Too many saturated fats in your diet, however, can clog your arteries!!

  16. Remember the cell membrane? • Phospholipid bilayerof the cell membrane? The fatty acid tails are lipids! • It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.

  17. Steroids are Lipids! • Cholesterol is a steroid lipid • The body needs some cholesterol • important to the body's cell membranes • the production of certain hormones • helps act as insulation for your nerves.

  18. Proteins – C,H,O,N (Mainly Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.

  19. Amino Acid Monomers • Insulin • Enzymes • Hemoglobin ProteinExamples

  20. ** The basic building blocks of proteins are calledamino acids. **Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and translation? **A peptide bond bonds amino acids together **Creates a polypeptide

  21. Insulin • Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas • Causes cellsin the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles • Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

  22. Hemoglobin • A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

  23. Enzymes • Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below) • Re-usable • Molecule specific – like a lock and key • -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It will NEVER break down proteins

  24. Enzymes • Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key model! Lactase breaks down lactose sugar Pepsin breaks down proteins Amylase breaks down amylose

  25. Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme?? Specific Enzyme Starch Protein Active Site Simple useable sugars (product) Lipid ***** Remember That Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!

  26. Enzymes are affected by:

  27. pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic Rate of Reaction 1 5 7 8 9 2 3 4 6 pH scale

  28. Nucleic Acids – Polymer of Nucleotides

  29. Monomers are nucleotides • DNA • RNA Nucleic Acid Examples

  30. **Recall the nucleotide structure!)

  31. RNA DNA • Single-Stranded • Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U) • Remember NO Thymine (T) • Ribose sugar • Double-Stranded double helix • Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T) • Remember NO Uracil (U) • Deoxy-ribose sugar

  32. Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Traqnslation? *DNA *mRNA *At ribosome *tRNA Brings in Amino Acids *Amino Acids form the protein (a polypeptide)

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