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Understanding Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMPv4, IPv6, and ICMPv6

This chapter explores essential network layer protocols, including Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), and Internet Control Message Protocol version 4 (ICMPv4), alongside their IPv6 counterparts. It covers packet formats, encapsulation operations, and fragmentations. The chapter provides practical examples of ARP operations with encapsulated packets and explains ICMP message types, including error reporting. Transition strategies between IPv4 and IPv6 are also discussed, emphasizing their relevance in modern networking.

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Understanding Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMPv4, IPv6, and ICMPv6

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  1. Chapter 15 Network LayerProtocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMPv4, IPv6, and ICMPv6

  2. Figure 20.1Protocols at network layer

  3. 20.1 ARP Mapping Packet Format Encapsulation Operation

  4. Figure 20.2ARP operation

  5. Figure 20.3ARP packet

  6. Figure 20.4Encapsulation of ARP packet

  7. Figure 20.5Four cases using ARP

  8. Note: An ARP request is broadcast; an ARP reply is unicast.

  9. Example 1 A host with IP address 130.23.3.20 and physical address B23455102210 has a packet to send to another host with IP address 130.23.43.25 and physical address A46EF45983AB. The two hosts are on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames. Solution Figure 20.6 shows the ARP request and reply packets. Note that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes, and that the individual addresses do not fit in the 4-byte boundary. That is why we do not show the regular 4-byte boundaries for these addresses. Note that we use hexadecimal for every field except the IP addresses.

  10. Figure 20.6Example 1

  11. 20.2 IP Datagram Fragmentation

  12. Figure 20.7IP datagram

  13. Note: The total length field defines the total length of the datagram including the header.

  14. Figure 20.8Multiplexing

  15. Figure 20.9Example of checksum calculation

  16. Figure 20.10MTU

  17. Figure 20.11Fragmentation example

  18. 20.3 ICMP Types of Messages

  19. Figure 20.12ICMP encapsulation

  20. Note: ICMP always reports error messages to the original source.

  21. Figure 20.13Error-reporting messages

  22. Note: There is no flow control or congestion control mechanism in IP.

  23. Figure 20.14Query messages

  24. 20.4 IPv6 IPv6 Addresses Categories of Addresses IPv6 Packet Format Fragmentation ICMPv6 Transition

  25. Figure 20.15IPv6 address

  26. Figure 20.16Abbreviated address

  27. Figure 20.17Abbreviated address with consecutive zeros

  28. Figure 20.18CIDR address

  29. Figure 20.19Format of an IPv6 datagram

  30. Figure 20.20Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6

  31. Figure 20.21Three transition strategies

  32. Figure 20.22Three transition strategies

  33. Figure 20.23Tunneling

  34. Figure 20.24Header translation

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