Formatting and Partitioning Hard Drives, and DOS

1. Formatting and Partitioning Hard Drives, and DOS Brent Murphy Matt Griffin Edwin Edwards Chris Wyatt

2. Formatting

3. What is formatting? • When a hard drive is ready for use, it will go through a process known as formatting.

4. 2 Types of Formatting • Low-Level Formatting • High-Level Formatting

5. Low-level Formatting • Floppy disks • Hard disks

6. Low-level floppy disk formatting • Disk drive hardware writes onto floppy • 1 disk • 160 tracks (80 on each side) • 18 sectors on each track • 512 bytes on each sector

7. Low-level floppy disk formatting • Originally used MFM pattern on disk allows sectors of bytes to be written on it • RLL encoding is more commonly used. • Embedded systems- low-level formatted disks at the factory, not subject to user intervention

8. Transition away from LLF • Over time, hard drive became more complex • Manufacturers now handle virtually all low-level formatting of hard disks • End users should rarely ever perform low-level formatting of an IDE or ATA hard drive. • (its often impossible outside of the factory)

9. Disk reinitialization • Identifying each sector that cannot be read or written to and then sparing out those sectors • Zero filing-writing a 0 byte to every addressable location on the disk

10. “Tricks of the trade” • One popular method for performing only the "zero-fill" operation on a hard disk is by writing zero-bytes to the drive using the Unix dd utility (available under Linux as well) with the "/dev/zero" stream as the input file (if=) and the drive itself (either the whole disk, or a specific partition) as the output file (of=)

11. High-level formatting • Process of setting up an empty file system on the disk • Install boot sector • sometimes referred to as “quick format”

12. Complete scan • The entire disk can be scanned for any errors if the user would like • Requires several hours on larger disks

13. Reformat • When a high-level format is performed on a functioning disk to erase the contents of the hard drive • Sometimes judged easier to erase and start from scratch than fix a complex malfunction • “wipe and reload”, “nuke and pave”, “reimage”

14. Data Recovery • When data is “erased” during a high-level format, it is still readable until new data has written over it • Some file systems don’t write to the same locations, allowing data to stay on disk until disk space starts having to be recycled

15. Formatting a Hard drive by reinstalling XP • Back up data • Insert Win XP disc and turn off pc • Turn on PC and boot from CD • Install Windows • Install any missing drivers • Update Windows

16. Hard Drive Partitioning

17. Partition • A division of a hard drive that can hold volumes • Windows can support up to four partitions on one hard drive, each of which are 16-byte entries on the Master Boot Record

18. What do the 16 bytes hold? • Beginning and ending location of the partition • Number of sectors in the partition • Whether or not the partition is bootable

19. Partition Table • A table at the beginning of the hard drive that contains information about each partition on the drive • This table is contained in the Master Boot Record

20. Master Boot Record • The first sector on a hard drive, which contains the partition table and a program the BIOS uses to boot an OS from the drive

21. How do you create a partition? • In a process called high-level formatting or operating system formatting • Formatting performed by the Windows Format program, the Windows installation program, or the Disk Management utility • The process creates the boot record, file system, and root directory on the volume or logical drive and makes the volume or drive bootable

22. How do you create a partition (cont.) • During this process, you specify the size of the partition and what file system it will use • There are two types of partitions you can create: • Primary • Extended

23. Primary Partition • Also called a volume or a simple volume • The volume is assigned a drive letter and is formatted with a file system (such as NTFS) • The active partition is always the primary partition • Can be up to three primary partitions

24. File System • The overall structure an OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a drive • A cluster is the smallest unit of space on a disk in a file system for storing a file and is made up of one or more sectors • Can track how clusters are used for each file stored on the disk

25. Extended Partition • One of the four partitions on a drive can be an extended partition • Can be divided into one or more logical drives • Each logical drive is assigned a drive letter (ex - G:) and is formatted using its own file system

26. When can a partition be created? • When the drive is first installed • When an OS is first installed • The installation process partitions and formats the drive, if necessary • You can also use the Disk Management tool to view and manage partitions after Windows is installed • After an existing partition becomes corrupted

27. Disk Management Screen

28. Rules • Before a primary partition or volume can be used, it must be formatted using a file system • For the extended partition, each logical drive must be formatted with a file system

29. Choice for a file system (1 of 3) • FAT32 • Named after the file allocation table • A table on the hard drive or floppy disk that tracks how much space on a disk is used to store files • Has storage limitations concerning hard drive size, volume size, and file size • Offered with Windows XP Service Pack 1 and newer

30. Choice for a file system (2 of 3) • NTFS • Named after the New Technology file system • Designed to provide greater security and more storage capacity than FAT32 • Offered with basic Windows XP install and newer • Recommended for use when partitioning

31. Choice for a file system (3 of 3) • exFAT • Stands for Extended FAT • Uses a 64-bit file allocation table • Does not: • Have the storage limitations found in FAT32 • Offer the security features of NTFS • Require as much overhead as NTFS • Normally used in lower-end systems • Found in Windows XP if Service Pack 2 and 3 are installed, or new Windows OS

32. Steps to partition and format the new hard drive • 1. Boot the system to the Windows desktop • 2. Click Start, right-click Computer (My Computer) and select Manage • 3. Right-click the new hard drive and select Initialize Disk • 4. Select MBR and click OK. The drive will be initialized as a Basic Drive

33. Steps to partition and format the new hard drive (cont.) • 5. To format, right-click the unallocated space on the drive and select New Simple Volume. • The wizard will appear, which you will follow to: • Choose a volume size • Assign a drive letter to the volume • Assign a volume name • Select the type of file system • Difference in OS used • Vista will make the first three partitions primary, and the fourth extended • XP allows you to decide which partition will be the extended partition

34. Partitioning a hard drive (Windows XP)

35. Re-partitioning and un-partitioning drives (Windows Vista and 7 only)

36. DOS

37. DOS • Stands for Disk Operating System • Originally developed for IBM by Microsoft • Windows 95, 98 and Millennium Edition were all partially DOS based • There are many versions of DOS such as: FreeDOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS and MS-DOS.

38. DOS • Most frequently MS-DOS is referred to as DOS • MS-DOS stands for MicroSoftDisk Operating System • Still in Operating systems today but listed as Command Prompt • Has a list of commands that are not normally used by the everyday user • Accessed in XP by typing CMD in the run dialog box or under the accessories tab on the program list

39. DOS • In the early days of DOS no programs were capable of converting files to other program types or exchanging data since each program had it’s own way of reading and writing it’s binary data • ASCII was developed to solve this problem, ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

40. ASCII • Defines 256 eight bit characters.

41. DOS Games • Doom • Duke Nukem • Sim City 2000 • Command and Conquer • Warcraft I • Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? • Sid Meier’s Civilization • Transport Tycoon

42. Dos Games • Then Now

43. Dos Games • Then Now

44. Dos Games • Then Now

45. Dos Games • Then Now

46. Dos Games

47. Disk Operating System(DOS) • Microsoft developed (DOS), in 1981. DOS was designed for the IBM Personal Computer • DOS is a collection of programs and commands used to control the overall computer operation in a disk-based system • Three sections make up DOS: • Boot files • File management files • Utility files • A simple operating system • 16- bit operating system • does not support multiple users or muiltitasking

48. Disk Operating System(DOS) • DOS is useful as a troubleshooting aid when Windows will not boot. It allows the hard drive to be accessed without the GUI and provides the ability to run troubleshooting or diagnostic programs. • DOS is a command line operating system, it is not user-friendly • DOS can only run one program at a time. • DOS can only run small programs and has memory limitations • DOS is an essential tool for IT professionals and is used extensively for troubleshooting

49. Overview of Basic DOS Commands • Basic commands are generally internal and more advanced commands are usually external. • The command line is the space immediately following the DOS prompt, C:\> where C:\ represents the hard disk drive root directory, and ">" is known as theprompt. • A switch is added to the command by adding a space, a forward-slash (/), and a single letter. • DOSKEY • keeps a history of executed commands so you can use arrow keys to retrieve them

50. DOS Commands