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Cell Reproduction Intro

Cell Reproduction Intro. 1) What do you know about DNA, Genes and Chromosomes? 2) What do you want to learn about DNA, Genes and Chromosomes?. 1/29/14. Find your new seats! Bellringer : Cell Reproduction Intro Chromosome Notes HW: Karyotype Worksheet due Tomorrow. Chromosomes!!!.

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Cell Reproduction Intro

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  1. Cell Reproduction Intro 1) What do you know about DNA, Genes and Chromosomes? 2) What do you want to learn about DNA, Genes and Chromosomes?

  2. 1/29/14 • Find your new seats! • Bellringer: Cell Reproduction Intro • Chromosome Notes • HW: Karyotype Worksheet due Tomorrow

  3. Chromosomes!!!

  4. Introduction to Chromosomes • All of a cell’s DNA is called its “genome” • This genome contains all of the instructions for cell/organism survival and function • A typical human cell has about 3 meters of DNA • DNA is packaged into chromosomes

  5. Chromosomes • PROKARYOTIC Chromosomes are simple circles/clumps of DNA

  6. Chromosomes • EUKARYOITC Chromosomes are very complex • The whole chromosome is made of DNA coiled around proteins called histones

  7. Chromosomes • Homologous Chromosomes: The pairs of chromosomes that exist in sexually reproducing species • In each pair of h. chromosomes one chromosome comes from each parent • They are each called autosomes, and are identical (except X and Y, the sex chromosomes)

  8. Homologous Chromosomes • Homologous chromosomes contain genes for the same traits • Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait • Ex: Hair color

  9. Homologous Chromosomes • Before a cell divides, the chromosomes copy themselves • The two copies are called chromatids (or sister chromatids), and are attached to one another by a centromere

  10. a a A A replication A a Alleles are different forms of the same gene

  11. 1 chromosome

  12. Karyotype • A picture of all the chromosomes. • It is used to look for abnormalities

  13. Revisit Goals • Find 1-2 goals that you did not meet (or are off-track) …Explain why you didn’t reach these goals • Find 1-2 goals that you didmeet(or are on-track) …Explain why you did reach these goals • Make at least 6 second semester goals on your goal sheet (measurable) 2+ Academic 2+ Personal Improvement 2+ Work/Family/Relationships/Clubs

  14. 1/30/14 • Bellringer: Goals • HW: New Goals • Chromosome Notes (Chromosomal Disorders) • Go over karytype WS • Introduce Chromosomal Disorders Brochure Straight to the Library tomorrow

  15. Chromosome Number • Number varies by species • The number of chromosomes in a SOMATIC CELL (normal body cells) in an organism is known as the DIPLOID/2N number • GAMETES (sex cells, sperm/eggs)contain only half the number of chromosomes and are known as the HAPLOID/N number

  16. Complexity Rankings Rank the below organisms from least to most complex • Humans, Crabs, Potato, Camels, Squirrels, Chickens, Fruit flies, Tomato • Explain the reason behind your rankings.

  17. DIPLOID # OF CHROMOSOMES BY SPECIES: CAMEL = 70 SQUIRREL = 40 CHICKEN = 78 KING CRAB = 208 FRUIT FLY = 8 TOMATO = 24 POTATO = 48 HUMAN = 46

  18. Human Chromosome Number • Human Haploid (N) Number: 23 • Human Diploid (2N) Number: 46 • A human must have all 46 chromosomes to function “properly” • In most cases, humans missing even one chromosome don’t survive development • Monosomy: missing a chromosome • Trisomy: having an extra chromosome

  19. Nondisjunction: when homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate

  20. Down’s syndrome: (trisomy 21) 3 copies of the 21’st chromosome

  21. Cri-du-chat: deletion at the 5th pair • Klinefelter:Extra X chromosome

  22. Goals: • Review Goals and Make new ones…

  23. 1/31/14 • Bellringer: Goals • Go Straight to LIBRARY • Work on Karyotype Worksheet and Brochure…

  24. Bellringer • Define the word “cycle”. • What is the cell cycle? If you don’t know, what would you guess it includes? • Are all cell cycles the same?

  25. 2/3/14 • Objective: To introduce the cell cycle • Bellringer: “Cycle” • Cell Cycle Notes • Homework: • Chromosome WS

  26. Cell Division

  27. Cell Division • Cells divide in order to repair or replace cells that die • Also create new cells in development of a multicellular organism that begins as a zygote

  28. Cell Cycle • Cell Cycle: The life cycle of the cell, from division to division of a cell 5 Stages of the Cell Cycle: • G1: Growth phase of the cell • S: DNA is copied • G2: Prep for mitosis, and organelles are copied • M: Mitosis occurs, nucleus divides • C: Cytokinesis, cell/cytoplasm divides Interphase

  29. MOST OF A CELLS LIFE IS SPENT IN INTERPHASE

  30. What Triggers Cell Division? • Size: If a cell grows so large that there is too much volume for its surface area, it will divide • Growth factors: Chemicals released by cells that encourage other cells to divide

  31. Cell Division • There are 2 types of cell division MITOSIS: • Produces identical cells • Occurs in body cells • Makes diploid cells

  32. 2 Types of Cell Division MEIOSIS: • Produces sex cells (gametes) • Occurs in cells of the sex organs • Makes haploid cells

  33. Bellringer • Define cell cycle • We know cellular division is part of the cell cycle. Name one thing that you think happens during cell division.

  34. 2/4/14 • Bellringer: Cell Cycle • Turn in Chromosome Worksheet • Onion Cell Pre-lab (due Friday)

  35. Bellringer….

  36. 2/5/14 • Bellringer: ????? • Computer Lab Activity

  37. B C A • These are the stages of mitosis. Put them in order, and have a rational for why (you don’t need to write it, but I will ask.) D E

  38. 2/6/14 • Bellringer: Stages of Mitosis • MITOSIS NOTES • Homework: Finish Pre-Lab (I’ll explain later)

  39. Stages of Mitosis Stage 1:Prophase • Chromosomes appear • Nuclear envelope breaks down • Spindle fibers appear • Spindle fibers are protein ropes that help pull chromosomes apart

  40. Late prophase – you can see the spindle fibers

  41. Stages of Mitosis Stage 2: Metaphase • Meta means “middle” • Spindle fibers line up chromosomes on the equator • They attach to the centromeres

  42. Metaphase

  43. Stages of Mitosis Stage 3: Anaphase • Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers • Each chromatid (now a chromosome) moves to opposite poles (centrioles)

  44. Stages of Mitosis Stage 4: Telophase • Chromosomes uncoil on separate sides of the cell • New nuclear envelope appears

  45. Cytokinesis: After Mitosis Cytokinesis: • Cell membrane grows in to enclose both cells; cytoplasm divides • In plants, a new cell wall must form

  46. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells which are diploid

  47. Mitosis in Onion Root

  48. B C A • These are the stages of mitosis. Put them in order, and have a rational for why (you don’t need to write it, but I will ask.) D E

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