Age Of Exploration and Expansion Chapter 13 Miss Mayer
13.1 Overview • 15th Century Europeans began to explore the world. • Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic and England reached new economic heights through world trade.
Vocabulary • Conquistadors – Spanish conquerors of the Americans • Colony – A settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control. • Mercantilism – A set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century. • Balance of Trade – Difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.
Exploration and Expansion 1500-1800 • Europeans had been interested in Asia for a long time. • Interest peaked during the Renaissance because of the want for exotic items.
Motives • 3 Motives • Gold • Riches • Jewels • Spices • Textiles • Glory • First person to reach a new land • Higher Social Status • God • Missionaries • Spread Religion – More Followers = More Power
New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant
Portuguese • Sail East • Lead the way in exploration-explore Africa in 1400’s • Name West Africa the “Gold Coast” • Vasco da Gama sails around “cape of good hope” to India • 1498-Arrives in Calicut, gets spices, makes a profit of several thousand percent • 1507 Portuguese fleet of warships defeats a fleet of Indian and Turkish ships to gain control of strategic ports
Spanish • Sail West • Establish an overseas empire (Portuguese only set up trading posts). • Spanish were there to inhabit and occupy the land as opposed to profit only.
Columbus • Believed the world was round and not flat. • Did not know how big oceans were, how big continents were, or that North and South America existed. • Columbus underestimates the size of the earth. • Convinces Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to fund a westward voyage to Asia. • Columbus is of Italian ethnicity but sails under the Spanish Flag
Columbus
1492 – Columbus Sails… • Explores the Island of Hispaniola and the Cuban coast. • 4 voyages total exploring the area-calls it the Indies until the day he dies even though everyone knew it was not by then. • Columbus finds modern day Caribbean Islands. • Assumes the natives are Indian based on the color of their skin.
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
1492 – Columbus Sails… • The Arawak – Tribe from the Caribbean Islands • Crowd around Columbus’s ship in amazement when he arrives. • Columbus immediately detains some natives and tries to get them to tell him where the gold is—he promised the king and queen of Spain riches.
Arawak
Line of Demarcation • Line down Atlantic Ocean dividing undiscovered territories between Portugal and Spain. • Territories East-Portugal, Territories west-Spain. • Explorers now race to discover new territories. • This is why South America speaks both Spanish and Portuguese.
Line of Demarcation
Amerigo Vespucci • Letters he wrote on his travels to South America made him famous, continent named after him. • America and Amerigo sound very similar… • Writings became historical evidence of what travel and sea life was like.
John Cabot • Explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England.
Spanish Empire • Conquistadors—swiftly defeated natives • Cortez overthrows Aztecs in three years • Francisco Defeats the Inca • Portugal gets Brazil—other side of line of Demarcation • Natives were put to work in gold and silver mines—labor, starvation, and disease • Native population on Hispaniola goes from 250,000 to 500 in about 50 years
Conquistadors
Economic Impact • Europeans go crazy for gold/riches in Americas. • The supply is low but the demand is very high. • Allows for successful explorers to make a huge profit. • Completely changes trade—new network between Europe and Americas. • Faster and shorter route.
Ferdinand Magellan • Helped the Spanish establish themselves in the Philippine Islands. • Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean • Then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan • The passage being made via the Strait of Magellan and the first to cross the Pacific. • Also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth
Ferdinand Magellan
English – Dutch - French • 1500’s and 1600’s these countries join the competition. • Dutch are 1st to inhabit the Northeast of North America. • By 1700 English take control of the area and re-name the colony of New Netherland, New York. • French sought wealth in the fur trade. • English sought colonization and land expansion. • Dutch sought riches.
New Colonial Rivals • Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. • Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. • First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. • Surat in NW India in 1608. • Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers
Impact of European Expansion • Native populations ravaged by disease. • Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] • New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. • Deepened colonial rivalries.
The Columbian exchange
13.2 • Africa In An Age of Transition • European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade. • Traditional political systems and cultures continued to exist in most of Africa.
Vocabulary • Plantation – Large agricultural estates typically worked by slaves. • Triangular Trade – Trade route that connected Europe, Africa and the Americas. • Middle Passage – Middle portion of the Triangular Trade route, majority of slaves were transported in this route.
Slavery • Slavery existed in many countries such as; • England • Southwest Asia • Africa • Since countries were expanding during exploration, slavery increased dramatically.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship “Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!
Sources of Slaves • Local African rulers began to worry about the Europeans taking slaves from their communities. Population would drop significantly. • King Alfonso of Congo worked with European nations to sell slaves – he received a large profit.
Effects of the Slave Trade • Benin in West Africa was eliminated because of the slave trade. • The entire tribe was destroyed and traded around the Triangular Trade Route.
13.3 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade • The Portuguese occupied the Moluccas in search of spices but were pushed out by the Dutch. • The arrival of the Europeans greatly impacted the Malay Peninsula.
Vocabulary • Mainland States – Part of the continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands. • Bureaucracy – A body of non-elective government officials.
Emerging Mainland States • Conflicts did erupt between the emerging states. • Burma and Thailand clashed. • The Vietnamese began their “March to the South.” • By the end of the fifteenth century, they subdued the rival state of Champa. • They then took control of the Mekong delta from the Khmer, a monarchy that virtually disappeared by 1800.
Emerging Mainland States • The major impact of Islam came in the fifteenth century with the rise of the new sultanate at Melaka. • Melaka was powerful because of its strategic location and the spice trade’s rapid growth. • Melaka soon became the leading power in the region.
The Arrival of Europeans • In 1511, the Portuguese seized Melaka and soon occupied the Moluccas, or Spice Islands. • They were the chief source of the spices that attracted the Portuguese to the Indian Ocean.
The Arrival of Europeans • The European success in creating trading empires in the East and conquering the Americas owed much to the use of gunpowder and cannons. • For example, the heavy cannon of the Portuguese ships made defeating the lighter Muslim fleets easy. • The Ottoman and Safavid Empires also used gunpowder effectively, causing historians to label them and others “gunpowder empires.”
Religious and Political Systems • Islam and Christianity made converts in the non-mainland states and the Philippines. • Javanese kingship was rooted in Indian political traditions. • Like Buddhist kings, Javanese rulers were believed to have a sacred quality, maintaining the balance between the material and spiritual worlds
Religious and Political Systems • The Vietnamese emperor ruled by Confucian principles. • He was seen as a mortal appointed by Heaven to rule because of his talent and virtue. • He also was an intermediary between Heaven and Earth.
