Exploration and expansion

1. Exploration and expansion Chapter 16

2. Scientific revolution • From Magic to Science • Natural Philosophers: religious teachings + classical thought to explain the unexplainable • Roger Bacon: 1200s scientist & philosopher • Favored a system of experimentation as a means of finding truth (not faith) • Practiced alchemy – Dr. Mirabilis (wonderful teacher) • Scientific Revolution: experiments & mathematics used to explain nature • Formed basis for what we know as science • Answered questions in physics, astronomy & anatomy

3. New Study of nature • Scientists of 1500s question ancients • Form conclusions based on their own observations • 3 new tools to study • Scientific instruments: barometer, microscope, telescope, air pump & thermometer • Mathematics • Experimentation – repeated for consistency • Scientific Method

4. Astronomy • Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish scientist) • Ptolemy – geocentric theory – Earth is the center of the universe • Copernicus’s heliocentric theory • Sun centered universe • Published in 1543 – no initial reaction dismissed • Johannes Kepler (German Astronomer) • Proved Copernicus’s theory • Used models, observation & math • Laws of planetary motion 1609

5. Galileo galilei • Galileo • Created own version of telescope • Saw mountains & valleys on moon, rings of Saturn, moons of Jupiter and spots on the sun • Published findings in 1632 – upheaval • Church declared telescope an invention of the devil • Physics scholars believed heavier objects fall faster than light ones • Mechanics – study of objects in motion • No friction from air, all objects fall @ same rate

6. Issac newton • Newton (English Scientist) • Law of Universal Gravitation • Force that holds planets in orbit = same force that causes objects to fall to earth • Explained laws of motion (3) & how to measure it • Changed the game! • Creation viewed as a giant mechanical clock “Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night; God said, “Let Newton be!” and all was light.” Alexander Pope

7. Vesalius & harvey • Andreas Vesalius (Flemish Scientist) • Pioneered the study of anatomy • 1543 published On the Fabric of the Human Body • 7 Volume’s – amazing detail, visual understanding of how body works • William Harvey (English physician) • Studied circulation of blood • Described how blood moves through body • Functions of the heart “I advise you not to trouble with words unless you are speaking to blind men.” Da Vinci

8. Triumph of New Science • Scientific Method – map followed in search for knowledge • Scientific Orders – spread news during revolution • Schools & Societies dedicated to science • Rome, England & France • Printing Press huge contributions • Scientific journals published

9. Descartes • Rene Descartes (French philosopher & mathematician) • No assumption could be accepted w/o question • Published: Discourse on Method (1637) – assumptions must be proven on basis of known facts • “I think therefore I am” • Science should be studied all together • Law of refraction: mathematical description of how light reflects off a smooth surface • Challenged the Church – lived in Protestant Sweden

10. MMM Bacon….. • Francis Bacon (English philosopher & scientist) • Scientific theories can be developed only through observation • Can’t trust an observation unless you can repeat it • Published NovumOrganum (1620) – outlining this way of thinking

11. Scientific discoveries 1600-1700’s • Gottfried Liebnitz & Newton develop calculus • Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) – discovers bacteria • Called animalcules • Robery Boyle (English-Irish) – pioneered modern chemistry • 1662 temp & pressure affect the space a gas occupies • Joseph Priestley (English) – discovers Oxygen in 1774 • Antoine Lavoisier (French) – named Oxygen • Showed fire resulted when a substance rapidly combined with oxygen • Law of conservation of matter: matter can change form but can not be destroyed nor created • Printing press, Scientific Societies & improvement in communication

12. Mercantilism • Mercantilism – Country’s wealth = how much gold and silver it has saved • World had a fixed amount of wealth • Increase – take it from another country • Balance of Trade • Favorable BoT: export more than you import • 3 Ways to achieve a Favorable BoT: • 1.) Tariffs – reduce the amount of imports by taxing goods • 2.) Subsidies – gov’t grants to start new industries & build ships • 3.) Gain control of overseas resources (colonization)

13. Christopher columbus • October 12, 1492 Lands at San Salvador (Bahamas) • West Indies – believed he landed off the coast of Asia • Columbian Exchange – Trade B/W Americas’s and Europe • Opened up regular trade b/w Eastern & Western Hemisphere • Gold & Silver mined in South America was shipped to Spain • American foods (potatoes, tomatoes, beans & corn) introduced to Europe • Spanish brought horses to America • Exchanged diseases (smallpox) – killing millions

15. Triangle trade • Triangular Trade • 1st merchants shipped cotton goods, weapons & liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold • 2nd exchange or Middle Passage – Route of slaves from Africa to Americassold to Plantation owners • 3rd exchange sent plantation’s products to Europe • Middle Passage • Brutal and degrading • Slaves were chained together in the hull of the ship • No sanitation, little food or water – many died in travel • Mid 1700’s – Early 1800’s estimated 10 million survived the trip