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1. INTRODUCTON TO LAW- SUMMER SCHOOL NOTES-2013 SUMMER SCHOOL LECTURE NOTES Dr. ÖzlemDöğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. HukukaGiriş 2010
2. I- LAW&SOCIETY
3. Why do weneedorder? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
4. Society and Order Since withtheearliestdays of recordedhistoryhumanshavelived in communities Living in societyrequiresordertoregulaterelationsamongstitsmembers. Because: unregulatedsocial life would be chaos withoutsomedegree of order, society can not serveitspurposeand can not providesecurityforitsmembers order, generallyspeaking, is thecondition in whicheverything is in itsrightplaceandfunctioningproperly Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
5. What is theaim of the “order”? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
6. Aim of the “order” To regulateattituteandbehaviour of individualsagainstotherindividualsandsociety To regulateattituteandbehaviour of societyagainstindividuals To constitute an equilibriumbetweenconflict of interests Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
7. SocietyandOrderContinue… Order, on theonehandgivesfreedom, on theotherhandlimitsthefreedom. But themostimportantpoint is toconstitute an equilibriumbetweenindividualinterestandsocialinterest Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
8. What is “order” as a legal concept? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
9. Definition of “order” As a legal concept,order, is the body of laws, rules, regulationsandcustomsthatapplytotherelationsbetweenthemembers of a certainsociety. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
10. Rules regulating the society Composed of Legal Orders (Hukuk Kuralları) Moral Rules (Ahlâk Kuralları) ReligiousRules (Din Kuralları) Rules of GoodManners (görgü kuralları) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
11. Legal OrderorLaw Definition: Allrulesandprinciplesthatregulateand limit theconduct of individuals in a society, Order, that is composed of legal rulesandbygovermentagency Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
12. Legal OrderContinue Themostimportantandeffectiveorder, thatregulatesthesociety Regulatesattituteandbehaviour in thesocietyandenforcement of legal rulesrealisedthroughState. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
13. Legal OrderContinue Theaim of thelegal order is toensurethesocialorder. Any problem in the legal order, affectsthesocialorder. Legal order, brieflyensures: Peace Confidence Equality Freedom Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
14. Concept of LawandRight In daily life the word of “law” is used : All of the legal rulesthat is in force in thecertaincountry in thecertain time (positivelaw) Sometimes it is usedtoexplaintherules in specificareas. ExampleCriminalLaw Also it is usedtodifferentiatesomecasesorCourts. Example: Civilcase, civilcourt, criminalcourt. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
15. Concept of LawandRightContinue… Theword of “ right” means: Competencethat is givenbylaw. Accordingtoitsnature it is calledprivaterights, fundamentalrights. Briefly: Lawmeans “rule” Right means competence Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
16. What is “law”? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
17. Definition of Law Juristsstilllookforthedefinition of “law” Lawmeans: rulesthatregulatessocietyandareenforcedbyState Law- positivelaw& naturallaw positivelaw: lawthat is in force Naturallaw: Ideallaw EquityLaw: tosoften of thepositivelaw- Example: EnglishLaw. (OurcivilCodeArticle:4) Juristsdecideaccordingtopositivelaw. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
18. OtherRulesRegulatingSociety Moral Rules (Ahlâk kuralları) ReligiousRules (Din Kuralları) Rules of GoodManners (görgü kuralları) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
19. Different Legal Systems Everynation has her owndomestic (national) lawwhich is differentfromothers Today, in theWorldthere is abouttwohundrednationalsystems. But generally, therearefourmaingroups. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
20. Whatarethesemainlawsystems? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
21. Different Legal Systems Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
22. CivilLaw Roman Law Roman Lawwasthelawthatwas in effectthroughouttheage of antiquity in theCity of Romeandlater in theterritories of Roman Empire The Roman rulesbecamewrittenthroughtheefforts of EmperorJustinianus (calledCorpusIurisCivilis) Intheeleventhcentury in Italy, Roman lawstarted a “new life” in thehands of ItalienProfessors of law of whotaughtstudentscomingfromvariousparts of Europe (Itshould be notedthat in thisprocess, Roman ruleswereamendedtosuitthedomesticconditionsandsometimesamalgatedwithexistingtraditionalrules) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
23. CivilLawContinue… Inthissystem, at thebeginingthepurpose of lawsystemtoregulatetheaffairsbetweencitizens That’swhyCivilLaw (Medeni Hukuk) is at core of thelawsystem Otherbranches of law, developedundertheinfluence of privatelaw Inthissystemlawdividedtwoparts: PrivateLaw & PublicLaw Privatelawregulatesaffairsbetweenprivateparties PublicLawregulatesgovernmentaffairsbetweenpublicbodiesandindividuals Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
24. WhichcountriesapplyCivilLawSystem? Examples? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
25. CivilLawSystemCountries-Examples ContinentalEurope Latin AmericanCountries Japon Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
26. CommonLaw Developedbyjudges (on a casebycasebasis) Principlesandconceptsbased on “judgement of court” Development of “equity law” Imperfections of thesystemtoleratebylegislationcalled “statutelaw” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
27. WhichcountriesapplyCommonLawSystem? Examples? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
28. TheCommonLawSystemCountries-Examples CompriseEnglish-speakingworldandterritories United States (however in LousianaandsomeextentTexasand California, the “Civilian” traditions has influedthesystem.Becausethesestateswerefaoundedbypeople of FrenchandSpanishorigin.) England Australia New Zealand Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
29. IslamicLaw Sources of Islamiclaw is “Quran” attitudeandstatement of prophet(called “hadith-hadis”) RulescompoundedbyIslamicScholars Comparision (Kıyas) Applied in IslamicCountries Based on religiousprinciples Called as “ilm-i fıkıh” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
30. SocialistLaw Applied in Cuba, North Korea Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
31. Whatabout Turkey? Which legal System is applied in Turkey? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
32. TurkishLawSystem In Turkey, until 1926, Islamiclawapplied. Fromthebeginning of 1926 withadoption of CodeCivil, TurkishLawSystem is CivilLawsystem AndTurkishLawSystembased on PrivateLaw, PublicLawdivison Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010
33. Moral Law
34. Moral order(rule) Alsocalledethics Definition: Principlesorstandartsconcerningrightorwrongconduct Example: to be honest, not totelllies Define theprinciples, standarts, andideaswhichapplywhenjudginghumanconduct “normativescience”--- it is concernedwithnormsandstandartswithwhatoughtto be Ineverysocietythereexistcertain general moral principles,theseprinciplesimpliesthat a person’sconductorcharacter is in conformitywiththegenerallyacceptedstandarts of goodnessorrightness Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
35. Relations Between Moral and Legal Rules Theyareconcernedwithhumanconduct. Definition of law Allrulesandprinciplesthatregulateand limit theconduct of individuals in a society Definition of ethics Principlesorstandartsconcerningrightorwrongconduct Someactionsarebothprohibitedbyboth Example: Murder Theft Defamation (Hakaret) Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
36. Relations Between Moral and Legal Rules- examples EXAMPLE 1: To rescue a personinjured in an accident Moral duty Legal duty- Article 98 of TurkishCriminalCode (Türk Ceza Kanunu) ARTICLE 98-(1) Any person who fails to render assistance to an old, disabled or injured person at the extent of his ability, or fails to notify the concerned authorities in time, is punished with imprisonment up to one year or punitive fine. (2) In case of death of a person due to failure in rendering assistance or notification of concerned authorities, the person responsible is sentenced to imprisonment from one year to three years. MADDE 98 - (1) Yaşı, hastalığı veya yaralanması dolayısıyla ya da başka herhangi bir nedenle kendini idare edemeyecek durumda olan kimseye hâl ve koşulların elverdiği ölçüde yardım etmeyen ya da durumu derhâl ilgili makamlara bildirmeyen kişi, bir yıla kadar hapis veya adlî para cezası ile cezalandırılır. (2) Yardım veya bildirim yükümlülüğünün yerine getirilmemesi dolayısıyla kişinin ölmesi durumunda, bir yıldan üç yıla kadar hapis cezasına hükmolunur. AccordingtoabovementionedArticlefailuretoprovidesuchassistancewouldconstitute a criminaloffencepunishablebyimprisonment (hapis cezası) or a fine (para cezası) Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
37. Relations Between Moral and Legal Rules- examples EXAMPLE 2: GoodFaith (Dürüstlük-Objektif İyi Niyet) A moral principle Fundamentalprinciple of lawbyCivilCode Lawmakesdirectreferenceto moral Article 2 of theTurkishCivilCode (Türk Medeni Kanunu) Article 2: Everyperson is boundtoexercise his rightsandfulfill his obligationsaccordingtotheprinciples of goodfaith. Madde 2: Herkes haklarını kullanırken ve borçlarını yerine getirirken dürüstlük kuralına uymak zorundadır Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
38. RelATIONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- examples Requiresthateverypersonacttruthfully in his/her relationswithothers Everyperson is expectedtoactreasonable, honesthumanbeingboundby moral principleswhenexercising his/her rightsandperforming his/her duties Fulfill = perform Obligations= duty Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
39. RelATIONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- examples EXAMPLE 3: Assistanceduty of familymemberstoeachother Moral rule Legal rule Article 364 of CivilCode Article 364: Allpersonsareboundtocontributetowardsthemaintenance of theirascendantsanddescendants in thedirectline as well as of theirbrothersandsisters, wherewithoutsuchassistancetheywouldbecamedestitute. ascendantsanddescendants: üstsoy ve altsoy Madde 364: Herkes yardım etmediği takdirde yoksulluğa düşecek olan üstsoyu ve altsoyu ile kardeşlerine nafaka vermekle yükümlüdür. Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
40. RelATIONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- examples EXAMPLE 4: Contradictiontogoodmorals (Ahlakâ- adaba aykırılık) Lawrefersto moral Article of 20 of theCode of Obligations (818) Article 20: “Contractswhicharecontrarytogoodmoralsarevoid.” Void: hükümsüz- batıl Madde 20: Bir akdin mevzuu gayri mümkün veya gayri muhik yahut ahlâka (âdaba) mugayir olursa o akit bâtıldır Thiskind of contractshave no legal effect Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
41. Relations Between Moral and Legal Rules- examples EXAMPLE 5: Takinggoodcare of spouseto his/her step-children Moral duty Legal duty Moral duty is turnedinto legal obligation Article 338 of TurkishCivilCode “Spouses are also obliged to care and show attention to their minor stepchildren. The other spouse helps the spouse who holds the custody of his/her own child as appropriate, and represents the child for his/her needs to the extent situations and conditions require.” Madde 338: “Eşler, ergin olmayan üvey çocuklarına da özen ve ilgi göstermekle yükümlüdürler.Kendi çocuğu üzerinde velayeti kullanan eşe diğer eş uygun bir şekilde yardımcı olur; durum ve koşullar zorunlu kıldığı ölçüde çocuğun ihtiyaçları için onu temsil eder.” Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
42. Relations Between Moral and Legal Rules- examples EXAMPLE 6: Contract to testify (şahitlik yapmak) falsely in court Void in terms of moral law- contradictiontogoodmorals Void in terms of law---- constitutescriminaloffence (suç) IMPORTANT! An immoral contract is not alwaysconstitutescriminaloffence but thesekind of contractsrenderedvoidandunenforceable. Theentirecontract is in valid (promiseto pay- legal but theentirecontract is invalid) Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
43. Relations Between Moral and Legal Rules- Important! Ifthecontract’sobjective is toachieve an immoral purpose it will be consideredvoidunderthelaw Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010
44. Religious Rules- Rules of Good Manner
45. Religious Order Relationshipbetweenlawandreligion In modern system- secularconcept Inancientagesreligiousrulesincluded moral and legal rules Interrelation- law, moralty&religion Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
46. Religious Order Religion is belief in a divine (ilahi) orsuperhumanpowerorpowers, to be obeyedandworshipped (ibadet etmek) as a creatorandruler of theuniverse one of thethesocialinstitutionswhichregulatehumanrelations ( byestablishingrules- limit andregulaterelationsbetweenpeople in society) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
47. Nature of Religious Rules Integration of lawandreligion- theocraticstate religiousrulesaredirectlyappliedtowordlyaffairs Organisation of thestaterests on thewill of God -Inotherwordslawexpressesthewill of God Hardly be altered(changed) (withoutcommiting sin)- whataboutdynamicnature of “law”? –dependinguponthepoliticalvaluesandchangingneeds of society Whathappens legal ruleshave a religiousnature? Theneeds of society Industrialdevelopment-rules on industrialrelations( regulation of workinghours, minimum wage, righttostrike) New inventions- radio, television,internet Religioncontrolsthelaw- Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
48. SEPERATION OF LAW FROM RELIGION-TURKEY EXAMPLE Seperation of lawfromreligion is called “secularism” Statereligion of theOttomanEmpirewasIslam- (Inwritten in thefirstwrittenConstitution of Empire-1876-Kanuni Esasi) Sultan –protector of Islamand he is called as Caliph(Halife) 20 January 1921- thefirstconstitutionpromulgated (yürürlüğe konmak-ilan edilmek)bytheNationalAssembly. 20 April 1924- secondConstitution, statereligion is Islam Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
49. Theplace of relIGION IN TURKISH LAW Religion as a socialinstitution is amongtheareasregulatedbylaw Withtheintroduction of secularism, religionceasedto be an institutionanddoctrineshapingthe structure of theStateandits legal system. Religiousbeliefs of citizensarebasiclibertiesprotectedbylaw Article 115 of TurkishCriminalCode- Freedom of belief Anypersonwhoprohibitsorinterfereswiththeperfomance of theservices,ritesorceremonies of anyreligionshall be punishedbyimprisonmentforonetothreeyears- (Madde 115- Cebir veya tehdit kullanarak, bir kimseyi dini, siyasi, sosyal, felsefi inanç, düşünce ve kanaatlerini açıklamaya veya değiştirmeye zorlayan ya da bunları açıklamaktan, yaymaktan meneden kişi, bir yıldan üç yıla kadar hapis cezası ile cezalandırılır.) Article 341 of TurkishCivilCode “Parents shall have the right to decide on the child's religious education. Any agreement restricting this right of the parents shall be invalid. A major shallbe free to choose his/her religion”. (Çocuğun dini eğitimini belirleme hakkı ana ve babaya aittir. Ana ve babayı bu konudaki sınırlayacak her türlü sözleşme geçersizdir.Ergin dinini seçmekte özgürdür) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
50. Theplace of relIGION IN TURKISH LAW Constitutionprohibitstheexploitationandabuse of religionandreligioussentimentsforpoliticalorpersonalgain (ConstitutionalCourt has rightto ban anypoliticalpartyforactsandactionsagainstthisprohibition- Law of PoliticalParties) Exploitation- sömürü Sentiment- düşünce, fikir Office of ReligiousAffairs is constitutional organ of theTurkishState- (ConstitutionArticle 136) requiredtofunctionaccordingtotheprinciple of secularism Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
51. RULES OF GOOD MANNERS Tablemanners, formalinvitation Embodytheformsandmannersestablishedbyconvention as acceptableorevenrequired in a “polite” society convention: herkesçe kabul edilen uygulama Membershipto a club, profession Applymainlydaily life andrequiredconformitytoacceptedstandarts of properbehaviour Widelyapplicapletorelations in thesociety Inprincipletheyare not legal rulesandtheyare not enforcedbylaw, BUT in somecasestheymay be part of legal system example: saluting a superiorofficer in themilitary Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
52. Sanctions
53. SANCTIONS-CONCEPT ThemeasurestakenbytheStatetomakepersonscomplywith legal norms rules of conductwhicharesupportedbysanctionsappliedbytheState. ThecompulsorymeasurestakenbytheStateagainstthosewhohaveviolated legal norms only legal normsaresupportedbythestate ‘s power of sanction.
54. TYPES OF SANCTION criminal (punishment-ceza) civil(e.g.,compensation-tazminat) administrative ( e.g revocation of license- lisansın geri alınması An injuction ( yürütmenin durdurulması; tedbir kararı)mayalso be regarded as a sanction ( It is an order of thecourtrestraining a personfromdoingsomethinginjurioustoanother’sinterstorcommandingsomethingto be done fortheprotection of another’sinterest. Theinjunction is a legal remedyavailable in disputesbetweenprivateindividuals as well as betweentheprivateindividualandpublicauthoritiy).
55. Types of sanctION PUNISHMENT: Thelawdefinescertaintypes of violations of thesocialorder as crimesandprovidesforthepunishment of theoffendersbytheState. Fine Imprisonment (inflicted on a personfor a crime (offense) comittedbyhim/her,orfor his/her failuretoperform a dutyprescribedbylaw)
56. Types of sanctION COMPENSATION(Tazminat):
57. REDRESS OF INJURIES legal wrongs: criminalandcivilwrongs. Thelawredressesinjurescommittedagainstpersonsandproperty in twoways: criminalprosecutions (cezai kovuşturma) wherethestatepunishesthoseresponsibleforcausingharmorlosstoanother in a wayforbiddenbythelaw civillawactions,wheretheinjuredpartybrings a privatesuitfordamages. Criminalcases--- criminalcourt Civilcases---- civilcourt
58. crIMINAL OR CIVIL CASE? legislative organ decidestheappropriatesanction, whetherwrongdoershould be punishedcriminallyorbymakinghim/her pay damagestothevictimfortheharmcausedby his/her strongfulact. Bysameact a personcommitboth a criminalandcivilwrong Example: Car accident
59. TYPES OF SANCTION NULLITY (Hükümsüzlük) Firstcategory: an actthat is contaryto a certainstatoryprovision is absolutelyinopertative (withouteffect) fromthebegining (kesin hükümsüz;batıl). Secondcategory ,actsare not automaticallyinoperativefromthebeginning ;theyareonlyvoidableacts (iptal edilebilir).
60. TYPES OF SANCTION NULLITY- Firstcategory: A legal act is absolutelynullandvoid ab inito (fromthebegining) Insuchcase,thepartieshavebeenunsuccesful in bringingaboutthedesiredresultbecausetheyhavefailedtofollowsomeruleortofulfilsomerequirementimposedbylaw. Forexample , certaintransactionsmust be madeaccordingtospecificprocedures (formalities) laiddownbylaw. Ifsuch a transactionfailstocomplywiththeseformalities,it will be voidfromthebegining (kesin olarak hükümsüz ,batıl). Theact is regarded as “dead” fromthebeginningandcannothave legal effect. (Marriage-ceremonialcontract- authorizedperson . Failuretoobeythisrule has thefollowing legal consequences: themanandwomenwill not be consideredto be married, iftheyhavechildrenthesewill be consideredillegitimate (bornout of wedlock). Ifoneorthemdies ,thesurviving partner will not havethe legal righttoinherit.)
61. TYPES OF SANCTION NULLITY- Secondcategory- Voidability Parties’ choice (ortoone of them) todecidewhetheror not theywishtonullifyeffect of legal act ( or legal transaction –hukuki işlem ;hukuki muamele) Example :ifone of thepartiesto an agreement has beeninducedbyerror(hata,yanılma) orfraud(hile aldatma) orthreat (ikrah,korkutma),theaggrievedpartymayvoidsuch a contractby a unilateral (tek yanlı) declaration. But,ifshechooses not toannultheact it will, remainvalidandbinding.
62. Application of Legal Rules
63. APPLICATION OF RULES 1- Provisions of Law 2- CustomaryLaw 3- Accordingtotherulesthat he wouldlaydownif he himself had toact as legislator Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
64. resolutION OF LEGAL CONFLICT Ascertainingtheapplicablerules Determiningtherelevantfacts (olgu, vakıa) Application of relevantprovisions of law Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
65. determINING THE FACTS All legal casesmust be based on certainfacts Theduty of bringingforwardevidence of factsfortheparticularcasebelongsto IN CIVIL CASES, Plaintiff (Davacı) Generallyspeaking, theCourt is boundbytheevidencesubmittedbytheparties IN CRIMINAL CASES Prosecutor Generallyspeaking, iftheCourt is not satisfiedwiththeevidencesubmitted, it mayseektoobtainfurtherevidence on itsowninitiative. Therearedifferentforms of evidence. Example: Testimony (statementsmadebythewitness in court), writtenmaterials, materialobjectsoffered as a proof of existence of an allegedfact. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
66. determINING THE FACTS Thefacts, Example: 1- In DIVORCE case, thefirstfactwhichmust be proven is thatthere is legal marriage 2-Ineviction (tahliye) case, theplaintiffmustprovethat he is theowner of theproperty in question Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
67. METHODS IN REACHING THE JUDGMENT(verdICT) TheCourtreachesthe legal conclusionbyapplyingtherelevantprovisions of lawandtakingintoconsideration, argumentsandcounterargumentsmadebytheparties in thelight of therelevantfactsand legal rules.Somemethodsemployedbythecourt in reachingtheirjudgmentare: 1- Syllogism 2- Argumentum a contrario 3- Analogy Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
68. METHODS IN REACHING THE JUDGMENT(verdICT) 1- Syllogism: - Logicalreasoning Act of thoughtbywhichfromtwogivenpromises(önerme) weproceedto a thirdpremise. Example: Majority(Rüşt) is attainedbyreachingage of 18 years (legal rule) A has completed his eighteenthyear (fact) A has attainedmajority (judgment,decision) 2- Argumentum a contrario: 3- Analogy: Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
69. METHODS IN REACHING THE JUDGMENT(verdICT) 2- Argumentum a contrario: -an argumentderivedfromtheopposite of themeaning of a legal rule. Example: -According to the Article 307 of Civil Code, for adoption (evlat edinme), (single) the adopter (evlat edinen) should be at least 30 years old.--- General rule -Personsunder 30 cannotadopt a child (legal rulederivedthroughthemethod of argumentum a contrario) - Mrs. A is youngerthan 30 years (fact) -Mrs. A cannotadopt a child(judgment) 3- Analogy: Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
70. METHODS IN REACHING THE JUDGMENT(verdICT) 3- Analogy (örnekseme): - a gap in thelaw is filledthroughtheapplication of a ruleused in similarcases. Example: Thelawconcerningsurnames (Soyadı Kanunu) mentionsthat no repugnantorridiculouswords can be taken as a surname. There is no ruleforthefirst name- there is gap - Thegapmay be filledbyapplyingtheruleconcerningthesurnametothefirst name byanalogy. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
71. BURDEN OF PROOF
72. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) Thefactsallegedshould be proven. Usuallly, plaintiff has toprovethefacts on whichthecase is based but thedefendantmayhave a burden of proofif he/sheraises an “affirmativedefense” Affirmativedefense, whenthedefendantdoes not denytheexistence of thefacts put forwardbytheplaintiff but assertsnewfactswhichrefutethem Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
73. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) Example: A allegesthat B agreedto buy A’sbookfor 100 TL andthatfailedto pay himthemoney B does not denythefactthat he tookthebookfrom A, but allegesthat A did not sell it but gave it as a gift (affirmativedefense) andthereforedeniestheliability. If A proves his assertion B will be boundto pay 100 TL to A If B proves his claim, he will not haveto pay to A. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
74. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) WHO MUST PROVE FİRST? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
75. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) Incriminalcases, all of theelements of crimewithwhichthedefendant is chargedwithmust be provenbytheProsecutor. “Everyonechargedwith a penaloffence has therightto be presumedinnocentuntilprovenquilty” (Constitution Art. 38/IV, UniversalDeclaration of HumanRights Art. 11(1)) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
76. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) Theburdenproofmayshiftfromonepartyto an otherandclaimsandcounterclaimsmaygobackandforthbetweenparties. Article 6 of CivilCode “Intheabsence of a specialprovisiontothecontrary, eachparty is boundtoprovetheexistence of thefacts on which he bases his right (claim)” “Kanunda aksine bir hüküm bulunmadıkça, taraflardan her biri, hakkını dayandırdığı olguların varlığını ispatla yükümlüdür.” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
77. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) Whoevercommencesthe legal action has theinitialburden of proof but theburden of proofmayshiftfromonepartytoanother in thecourse of trial First, theplaintiffshallprovethefacts on which his case is based Ifthedefendant, raisesconterclaim as a defence, he shallprovethefacts on which his defence is based. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
78. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) Sometimes it may be not easytodeterminewhichparty has theburden of proof Example: A allegesthat he donated(bağışta bulunmak) to B on conditionthat B pay %5 interest on thisamountto UNICEF eachyear B acceptstheexistence of donation, but claimsthattherewas no conditionattachedto it andtherefore he did not pay anymoneyto UNICEF Bothpartiesaccepttheexistence of donation Thecontraversy is whetherthere is a conditionor not Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
79. BURDEN OF PROOF (ISPAT YÜKÜ) Bothpartiesaccepttheexistence of donation Thecontraversy is whetherthere is a conditionor not Iftheexistence of condition is proven, then A willhavetorighttorescind (iptal etmek) thecontract Article 6 of CivilCode----failstoprovide an answer Inthistype of situations, it is generallyagreedthatdetermination of thepartywhomustprove his allegations is lefttothediscretion of judge (yargıcın takdir yetkisi) As a general rule, theburden of prooffalls on thepartywhobases his claim on an exceptionalorunusualfact. Thejudgeshalldecidewhichclaim is based on exceptionalorunusualfact. (Inourexample, thequestion is- “Is thistype of donationusuallyfree of anyconditions?” Iftheanswer is yesthan A shallprove, iftheanswer is no then B shallprovethattherewas no conditionattachedtodonation) Incourtpracticeanddoctrine, Article 6 of CivilCode is understood as “he whoclaimstheexistence of a factwhich is contrarytothe normal course of events has theburden of proof.” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
80. PRESUMPTION
81. presumptION Definition: Theassumption of thetruth of a factwithoutdirectproof Eg. Incompatibility (geçimsizlik) betweenthespouses Effectiveprocedural device forshiftingtheburden of proof Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
82. PRESUMPTIONS (KARINELER) Statutory (Legal) Presumption RebuttablePresumption Presumptionswhoseinaccuracymay be proven Irrebuttable (Conclusive)Presumption A factthatthelawdoes not allowto be rebutted Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
83. STATUtory(legal) presumptION- KANUNİ KARİNE Eg: Presumption of Paternity thefather of a childborn in wedlock is husband Defendant (husband) shallrebutthepresumptionbyprovingthatthechild is not his Eg: Entriesmade in publicregistersanddulyauthenticateddocuments Article 7 of CivilCode: “Entriesmade in publicregistersanddulyauthenticateddocumentsaresufficientevidence of thefactswhichtheystate” “Resmi sicil ve senetler, belgeledikleri olguların doğruluğuna kanıt oluşturur.” Thusifyoubaseyourclaim on abovementionedthenyouare not requiredtoprovetheaccurancy of thefactsmentioned in thisentry, because, bylaw, it is presumedthat it is correct. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
84. RebuttablepresumptION (ADİ KARİNE) Presumptionswhoseinaccuracymay be proven Presumption of Innocence (masumiyet karinesi) Presumption of GoodFaith Presumption of Ownership Presumption of Paternity Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
85. PresumptION OF INNOCENCE A personaccused of a crime is innocentuntilprovedquilty TurkishConstitutionarticle 38 par. 4 “No oneshall be heldquiltyuntilprovedquilty in a court of law” “Suçluluğu hükmen sabit oluncaya kadar, kimse suçlu sayılamaz.” FundamentalRight The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Council of Europe says (art. 6.2): "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law". This convention has been adopted by treaty and is binding on all Council of Europe members. Currently (and in any foreseeable expansion of the EU) every country member of the European Union is also member to the Council of Europe, so this stands for EU members as a matter of course. Nevertheless, this assertion is iterated verbatim in Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
86. PRESUMPTION OF GOOD FAITH Thepartieswhendealingwitheachotheractedhonestlyanddid not engage in anydeceptiveacts Article 2 of CivilCode “Everyperson is boundtoexercise his rightsandfulfill his obligationsaccordingtotheprinciples of goodfaith” Article 3 of CivilCode “Bonafides is presumedwhenevertheexistence of a legal position is dependent on theobservance of goodfaith. However, no person can pleadbonafides in anycasewhere he has failedtoexercisethedegree of carerequiredbycircumstances.” “Kanunun iyiniyete hukukî bir sonuç bağladığı durumlarda, asıl olan iyiniyetin varlığıdır. Ancak, durumun gereklerine göre kendisinden beklenen özeni göstermeyen kimse iyiniyet iddiasında bulunamaz.” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
87. PresumptION OF OWNERSHIP-MÜLKİYET KARİNESİ CivilCodeArticle 898 “Theperson in possession of a movableproperty is presumedto be itsowner” “Taşınırın zilyeti onun maliki sayılır.” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
88. PresumPtION OF PATERNITY CivilCodeArticle 302/I “Defendant is thefather of childwhere it is provedthat he cohabitedwiththechild’smother in theperiodbetweenthethreehunderedthandtheonehunderedandeightiethdaybeforeitsbirth” “Davalının, çocuğun doğumundan önceki üçyüzüncü gün ile yüzsekseninci gün arasında ana ile cinsel ilişkide bulunmuş olması, babalığa karine sayılır.” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
89. Irrebuttable (Conclusive) Presumption Irrebuttable (Conclusive)Presumption A factthatthelawdoes not allowto be rebutted It can not be refuted (çürütmek) byevidence Example: Article 104 of CriminalCode “Cebir, tehdit ve hile olmaksızın, onbeş yaşını bitirmiş olan çocukla cinsel ilişkide bulunan kişi, şikâyet üzerine, altı aydan iki yıla kadar hapis cezası ile cezalandırılır.” A personwhoengages in sexualintercoursewith a childyoungerthanfifteenyears is guiltyeveniftherewas no violence, threatordeceptioninvolved. Article 1020/III of CivilCode “No person can allegethat he has no knowledge of particularentry in the Land Registry” “Kimse tapu sicilindeki bir kaydı bilmediğini ileri süremez.” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
90. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULES
91. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULESWhy Do WE NEED INTERPRETATION? Ambiguous(muğlak), uncertainorvague (kesin olmayan)legal rules Therulesareabstractand general It is not possibletomakerulesthatwillcoveralldetails of specificandconcretecasesthatmayarise in thefuture Realities of life aresonumerousandvariablethatthelaw can onlylaydown general rulesforregulating a certaintype of legal institution Intentionallyleavethe rest tothejudge Task of thejudge’stodeterminethecorrectmeaning of therule in question Whenapplyingtheabstractruleto a realcase, Thejudgetriestofindtheproperandcorrectmeaning of therule in thelight of thefacts of caseinvolved. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
92. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULES TheProcess of discoveringandascertainingthemeaning of a writtentexttoapply it to a realcase. Only, theinterpretation of courthave legal and final effect InterpretationMethods: Textual(Literal) (grammatical)Interpretation HistoricalInterpretation LogicalInterpretation TeologicalInterpretation UnrestrictedInterpretation Interpretation in thefield of InternationalLaw Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
93. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULES Textual(Literal) (grammatical)Interpretation seeksonlytoascertainthemeanings of thewordsandsentences in theapplicable legal provision HistoricalInterpretation analysis of thehistory of thedraftingandadopting of thelaw in question analyzesthematerialrelatingtothedebates in theParliamentwithyhepurpose of ascertainingthegrammaticalmeaning of thewords as theywereunderstoodbythemembers of theParliament LogicalInterpretation Thelaw is ambiguousor Therearetwoormoreinconsistentprovision Thejudgeshallanalyzethelaw in logicalmanner, correctingobviousgramaticalerrorsandtakingintoconsiderationthespirit of law Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
94. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULES TeologicalInterpretation Thejudgeshallascertainthepurpose of thelawconcernedbyanalyzingitslegislativehistorywithinthecontext of cultural, socialandeconomicvalues as well as thebalance of theintereststhatexisted at the time thelawwasenacted UnrestrictedInterpretation Withoutanyreliance on writtentext Baed on actualeventandtheneedscreatedbytheconditionsprevailing at that time Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
95. INTERPRETATION IN THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Interpretation in thefield of InternationalLaw LiteralMethod HistoricalMethod Article 31 of ViennaConvention “ 1-A treatyshall be interpreted in goodfaith in accordancewiththeordinarymeaningto be giventotheterms of treaty in theircontextand in thelight of itsobjectiveandpurpose. 2- Thecontextforthepurpose of theinterpretation of a treatyshallcomprise, in additiontothetext, includingitspreambleandannexes………..” Article 32 of ViennaConvention “ Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010
96. SOURCES OF LAW
97. SOURCES OF LAW Thewayandmethodsthatcompose of anddevelopethe legal rules Types of sources Written sources-Unwritten sources Binding- not binding sources Example: binding---- statutes not binding--- doctrine
98. The Binding Sources of Law WrittenSources TheConstitution Statutes (Kanunlar) InternationalTreaties Decreeswiththeeffect of law (KHK) Regulations (Tüzükler) By Law (Yönetmelik) UnwrittenSources CustomaryLaw (may be applicablewhenthere is no writtenrulerelevanttothecase) General Principles of Law
99. Orders of sources TheConstitution Statutes (Kanunlar) Regulations (Tüzükler) ByLaw (Yönetmelik) Lawsshall not be contrarytothepreviousrules. Example: Thestatutesshould not be contrarytoconstitution
100. CONSTITUTION Constitutionregulates, structure, organization,polity (yönetim biçimi) of State, therelationship of theStateorgansandfundamentalrightsandfreedoms of individuals. Generally it is written Exception: England Rigidconstitution/Flexibleconstitution Ourconstitution is rigid (It is hard tochange) Writtenproposalfrom 1/3 of wholenumber of themembers in the Grand Assembly Acceptance of thewrittenproposalby 3/5 of wholenumber of themembers in the Grand Assembly (secretvote) Presedentmaysendthestatutesconcerningconstitutionalamendmenttothe Grand Assembly (Grand Assemblymayadopt at least 2/3 of members) ThePresedentmaysubmitthisamendmenttothereferendum (tosubmittothereferendumrulecameintoforcewith 1982 Constitution). But IfPresedentsendtheConstitutionalamendmentthat is acceptedwithlessthan 2/3 tothe Grand Assembly, submissiontothereferendum is mandatory Foradoption of amendment, in thereferendummorethan ½ of eligiblevotes is necessary.
101. CONSTITUTION Article 11 of Constitution “Theprovisions of theConstitutionarefundamental legal rulesbindinguponlegislative, executiveandjudicialorgans, andadministrativeauthoritiesandotherinstitutionsandindividuals. Lawsshall not be in conflictwithConstitution.” Lawsthatare in conflictwithConstitutionshall be annuledby .ConstitutionalCourt
102. Statutes-codes Textsthatareadoptedbythecompetentlegislativeauthority in conformitywiththemethodsthat is requiredtoadopt a statute Itshould be general, objectiveandpermanent LegislativeAuthority: The Grand NationalAssembly of Turkey ThiscompetenceonlybelongstoThe Grand NationalAssembly of Turkey and it is untransferable. Subject of Statutes: Thelegislative body maydeterminethesubject of statutesfreely on conditionthattheyshould be in compatiblewiththeConstitution.
103. STATUTES-CODES Proposingauthority: Council of MinistersandTheNational Grand Assembly Council of Ministers---bill (tasarı) Proposal- negotiationandanalyzing in therelatedcommission– general assembly– adoption- Approval of President -publication Publication: OfficialNewspaper ThePresidentmayapproveorsendbacktoAssemby (exceptbudgetact)within 15 days IfAssemblyadoptsthesameactwithoutanyamendment, Presedentshallapprove IfAssemblyadoptsthesameactwithsomeamendment, PresentmaysendbacktoAssemblyagain Enterintoforce on thedatementioned in theAct, if not mentioned 45 daysafterthepublication
104. STATUTORY SOURCES InternationalTreaties AccordingtotheTurkishConstitution, InternationalTreatiesduly put intoeffectare of equalstatustostatutes. No claim of unconstitutionality of a internationaltreaty can be heardbytheConstitutionalCourt (Art. 90/last par.) Decreeswiththeeffect of law(Kanun Hükmünde Kararname) 1971 amendmentto 1961 Constitution 1981 Constitution--- theapplicationscope is expanded Normal state ---- necessitytocompetenceact--- socialandeconomicalrightsandfreedoms Emergencystate--- allfundemantalrightsandfreedoms Enterintoforce on thedate of publication in theofficialnewspaper
105. regulatIONS AND BY-LAWS Regulations: Council of Ministers– Council of Staterevision Publication in theOfficalNewspaper Forthepurpose of application of Statusorregulation of thesituationthatthelaworders Ifonesubject is not regulatedbystatues, it is not possibletoissueregulation on thatsubject Inconfirmitywithstatute Enterintoforce on thedatementioned in theregulation, if not mentioned 45 daysafterthepublication By-Laws:
106. regulatIONS AND BY-LAWS By-Laws: PublicInstitutionsmayregulatethesubjectsrelatedtotheirduty PublicInstitutions has competence Forthepurpose of application of statuteandregulation in confirmitywithstatute Forannulment of bylaws--- Council of State Publication is not compulsory. Onlytheonesmentioned in theActnumbered 3011 shall be published.
107. CUSTOMARY LAW Threeconditionstobecame a legal rule Continuity: applicationfor a longperiod General belief: general belief StateSupport:
108. JUDGE-MADE LAW(ICTIHAT HUKUKU) Unified decisions of supreme courts DOCTRINE
109. PUBLICATIONS WHERE WRITTEN SOURCES TAKE PLACE OfficialGazette Codes of Laws (düsturlar) CompleteCollection of codesbeing in force( yürürlükteki kanunlar külliyatı) RecordReview(tutanak dergisi) CodesReview(Kanunlar Dergisi) Resmi Dergiler(OfficialPeriodicals) PrivatePublications(Özel Yayınlar)
110. WRITTEN LAW RULES WITH RESPECT TO APPLICATION BindingLaw ComplementaryLaw InterpretativeLaw (Yorumlayıcı) DefinitiveLaw (Tanımlayıcı) AuthoritativeLaw(Yetki verici)
111. BRANCHES OF LAW
112. BRANCHES OF LAW ContinentalEurope, classificationaccordingtothesubjectmatterandthenature of rulesappliedbylaw PublicLaw RegulatesrelationsbetweenprivateindividualsandtheState Ascertainstheextent of Stateauthorityandregulatestherelationship of thevariousStateorganswitheachotherandwithpublic PrivateLaw Regulatesrelationshipbetweenprivateperson
113. Someothertypes of classIFICATION DomesticLaw-InternationalLaw DomesticLaw: Body of rules, regulationsthat organize anddictatetheinternalaffairs of a State Example: Turkishlaw, Frenchlaw Subdivision :PublicLaw-PrivateLaw InternationalLaw: Lawwhichregulatesandorganizes legal relationsbetweenandamongststates. Subdivision :PublicLaw-PrivateLaw
114. Someothertypes of classIFICATION SubstantiveLaw (Maddi hukuk)- ProceduralLaw(Usul Hukuku) SubstantiveLaw: The body of legal rulesthatcreate,grant, recognizeanddeterminerightsandimposeobligationsandduties Example: rules of civillaw ProceduralLaw: The legal ruleswhichprovidethemethodfortheenforcement of rightsandfortheprosecutionandpunishment of violations of criminalprovisions Example: Law of CivilProcedure(Medeni Usul K.) Law of Criminal Procedure (Ceza Usul K.)