WWII

1. WWII

2. The World Between the Wars

3. A Struggle for Change in Latin America • The Mexican Revolution • Desires for land, better wages, and democratic reforms • Result: a new constitution that set goals for future social and political changes • Nationalism • The Good Neighbor Policy

4. Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East • Africa – opposition to imperialism spread as the Pan-African and negritude movements developed. • Modernization in Turkey and Iran • Pan-Arab movements sought Arab unity and freedom from foreign domination • Promises in Palestine

5. India Seeks Self-Rule • Moves toward independence – Amritsar massacre • Mohandas Gandhi and The Salt March • Muslims become fearful of then Hindu majority and began to call for a separate Muslim state

6. Upheavals in China • The Chinese Republic was crippled by feuding warlords, a collapsed economy, famine, and increasing foreign influence • May Fourth Movement • 1927 – Civil war erupts between the Guomindang and Communists. • Japanese invasion

7. Empire of the Rising Sun • 1920s- Japan’s political parties and democratic parliament grew stronger • Great Depression fueled dissatisfaction among militarists and extreme nationalists • 1930s- the Japanese military dominated a government that emphasized obedience to the emperor, service to the state, and a policy of imperial expansion

8. 1920 Treaty of Versailles

9. League of Nations

10. Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations • No control over major conflicts • No progress in disarmament • No effective military force

11. France Pursues Security The Maginot Line

12. Locarno Pact: 1925 Stresemann (Ger.) Chamberlain (Br.) • Guaranteed the borders of France, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles Briand (Fr.)

13. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 • 15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes • Problem – no way of enforcement

14. The Great Depression

15. Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.

16. Fascism • A form of extreme right-wing ideology. • It celebrates the nation or the race as an organic community transcending all other loyalties. • Powerful and continuing nationalism. • Constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, etc. • Flags are seen everywhere. • It uses organized violence to suppress opposition. • Glorification of force. • Accepts the tenets of Social Darwinism. • Is anti-democratic.

17. Fascism

18. From the German Point of View Lost – but not forgotten country Into your heart you are to dig these words as into stone; Which we have lost may not truly be lost!

19. The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory. German soldiers are dissatisfied

20. Weimar Republic

21. Adolf Hitler • Totalitarian Rule • SS troops and Gestapo helped Hitler control all aspects of German life • Economic Programs • Nazis indoctrinate young people with their ideologies (like Fascists and Communists) • Nazi’s sought to purify German culture • Campaign against the Jews • November 9 and 10, 1938 Kristallnacht • “ The Nazis came first for the Communists. But I wasn’t a Communist, so I didn’t speak up. Than they came for the Jews, but I wasn’t a Jew so I didn’t speak up…Then they came for the Catholics, but I was a Protestant so I didn’t speak up. Then they came for me. By that time, there was no one left to speak up.” • Martin Niemoller

22. Aggression, Appeasement, and War

23. Dictators Challenge World Peace • Japan seizes Manchuria in 1931 and withdrew from the League of Nations • 1936 Italy: Mussolini conquered Ethiopia (finally took revenge on them) • Germans: Hated the Versailles treaty. Hitler built up their military and sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland bordering France.

24. Manchurian Crisis, 1931

25. Japan invades Manchuria, 1931

26. Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935 Emperor Haile Selassie

27. Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936

28. Dictators Challenge World Peace • Appeasement: giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep peace. • Some westerners viewed Hitler as a defense against a worse evil- Soviet Communism • Pacifism • Neutrality Acts (U.S.A.): avoid involvement in European war. • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: Italy, Germany, and Japan

30. Spanish Civil War • Nationalists: • Fascists • Supported by Germany and Italy • German air raid on Guernica • Triumphant in 1939 and set up a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini • Loyalists • Supported by U.S. and Great Britain (even though they remained neutral) • Republic • Communists • Socialists • Marxists

31. Spanish Civil War: A dress rehearsal for WWII?

32. German Aggression Continues • Anschluss: Union of Germany and Austria • Hitler annexes the Sudetenland in 1938. • The Munich Pact

33. Anschluss Removal of the border

34. Sudetenland

35. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain • Now we have “peace for our time” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.

36. Axis Powers: Rome-Berlin-Tokyo • Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin • Germany “annexes” Austria then Czechoslovakia  finally Poland • (Neville Chamberlain*) • Britain and France are unwilling to challenge either Italy or Germany (appeasement) • But then… With the invasion of POLAND, England & France declare WAR

37. Europe Plunges Into War • 1939 Appeasement failed: Germany took over all of Czechoslovakia. • Nazi-Soviet Pact • Stalin and Hitler agreed mot to fight if the other went to war • To divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe • Invasion of Poland • September 1, 1939 • Britain and France declare war

38. Why War Came? • Axis aggression • Appeasement policy • Revision of 1919 Versailles treaty • Why did western democracies fail to respond forcefully to the Nazi threat? • Could WWII have been avoided?

39. The Global Conflict: Axis Advances

40. Early Axis Gains • Blitzkrieg September 1, 1939 German troops march into Warsaw

41. Early Axis Gains • The “Phony War” • Miracle of Dunkirk • France Falls – June 22, 1940 Dunkirk evacuated June 4, 1940

42. France surrenders June 20, 1940

43. The French Resistance The French Resistance Flag Charles de Gaulle

44. Africa and the Balkans • Axis powers have a string of success in 1941 and 1942 in Africa • Italy invades Greece and Yugoslavia • By 1914 the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Western Europe • General Erwin Rommel – the Desert Fox

45. Axis Powers in 1942

46. Who is this?

47. The Battle of Britain and the Blitz • Winston Churchill • Operation Sea Lion • The London Blitz • Failure of Operation Sea Lion

48. Early War Efforts • LONDON BLITZ- Germany wanted to break the spirit of the British by bombing the capital. • German planes bombed London for almost a year (1940-1941) • Operation Sea Lion was a failure. • British resolve stronger than ever. • Winston Churchill**

49. The London Tube: Air Raids Shelter During the Blitz

50. Operation Barbarossa: The Conquest of the Soviet Union – Hitler’s biggest mistake • 3,000,000 German troops caught Stalin unprepared.