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Understanding the U.S. Judicial Branch: Structures, Processes, and Landmark Cases

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elden
15 diapositives · 289 Views · Aug 09, 2014

This overview of the U.S. Judicial Branch highlights key concepts of the judicial system, including the roles of state and federal courts, and their functions in dispute resolution, legal interpretation, and setting precedents. It outlines the organization of the federal court system, detailing trial courts, courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court's purpose and processes. Landmark Supreme Court cases illustrate the principles of stare decisis and significant legal precedents, shaping modern law. Gain insights into trial procedures and types of law practiced within the system.

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Understanding the U.S. Judicial Branch: Structures, Processes, and Landmark Cases
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  1. Judicial Branch Chapters 11 & 12

  2. 2 overriding concepts to keep in mind about the judicial system: • 1. • 2.

  3. State Court system: • Federal Court system: • Roles of the Court systems: • Resolve disputes • Set precedent • Interpret law • Strict Constructionism • Loose Constructionism

  4. Organization of Federal Court System • Step 1: Trial Courts • Original jurisdiction • Divided into regions/districts • Use juries • Step 2: Courts of Appeals (Circuit Courts) • Appellate jurisdiction • Look at only issues of law • Determine cases by use of oral arguments & briefs • 13 District Courts • No juries • Each court typically has between 3-5 judges • Step 3: Supreme Court • Appellate jurisdiction

  5. Supreme Court • 9 justices • 1 Chief Justice • Nominated by President/approved by Senate • Serve life term • Current Chief Justice: John Roberts • Purpose of S.C.: Constitutional arguments, appeals court, cases involving diplomats, cases btw states or states & federal gov’t

  6. Process of S.C. case • Original trial & appeal process—must usually go through first 2 steps • Writ of certiorari(4 of 9 justices needed) • Briefs submitted • Amicus Curiae briefs submitted • 30 minutes oral arguments • Conference/vote amongst justices • Decisions are announced and typed

  7. Majority opinion • Concurring opinion • Dissenting opinion • Stare Decisis

  8. Major Supreme Court Cases • GOES AGAINST CONCEPT OF “STARE DECISIS” • Scott v. Sandford • Plessy v. Ferguson • Brown v. Board of Educ. (Topeka, KS)

  9. Miller v. California (1973) • Miller Test • Average person is “uneasy” with content • Shows excretory or sexual conduct • Lacks literary, artistic, political, or scientific value • Schenck v. United States (1919) • Texas v. Johnson (1989) • New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) • Libel • Actual malice

  10. Roe v. Wade (1973)—Norma McCorvey • Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)—Estelle Griswold • Lawrence v. Texas (2002)

  11. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • Ernesto Miranda arrested for rape • Police forced a confession • Miranda was unaware of right to remain silent & right to an attorney • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) • Clarence Gideon arrested for petty larceny in FL • Denied court-appointed lawyer • Created the “Public Defender” system

  12. Types of Law • Common Law • Natural Law • Constitutional Law • Civil Law • Criminal Law • Felony • Misdemeanor

  13. Trial Process • Arrest/Miranda • Arraignment • Bond/bail is set • Notified of charges • Enter a plea (guilty, not guilty, no contest) • Indictment • Grand Jury • Jury selection • Voir dire • Peremptory Challenge

  14. 5. Trial • Opening statements • Prosecution’s case • Subpoena • Defense’s case • Jury nullification • Redirect • Closing arguments 6. Verdict • Sequester • Hung jury—mistrial • Plea bargain

  15. 7. Sentencing • Suspended sentence • Probation • Imprisonment • 4 purposes of prison: • Capital punishment