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The Swedish Waste Management System

The Swedish Waste Management System. Content. Part 1: Sweden Avfall Sverige – The Swedish Association of Waste Management Part 2 Waste – a Resource The Development Responsibilities Operations Part 3 Overview Model Infrastructure Collection Recovery and Recycling. Part 4

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The Swedish Waste Management System

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  1. The Swedish Waste Management System

  2. Content • Part 1: • Sweden • Avfall Sverige – The Swedish Association of Waste Management • Part 2 • Waste – a Resource • The Development • Responsibilities • Operations • Part 3 • OverviewModel • Infrastructure • Collection • Recovery and Recycling • Part 4 • Waste Economy • Meansof Control • SuccessFactors • Challenges • Vision and Long Term Goals • Part 5 • Waste Management on Export – A new Swedish Platform

  3. Importantsuccessfactors • Waste management is a public service • Clear division ofroles and responsibilities • Clear national environmentaltargetsshowing the direction and long-term regulations and economicalsteering instruments • Co-operation betweenmunicipalities • Collaborationbetween public and private sectors • Holistic system view- an integrated part of the sustinable city • Co-operation withinmunicipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban- planning-, etc departements) • A system based on source separation with focus on communication and public engagement • A system based on resourcerecovery

  4. Part 1 Sweden Avfall Sverige – The Swedish Association of Waste Management

  5. Sweden • 9,5 million inhabitants • 450 000 km2

  6. Avfall Sverige • The Swedish Association of Waste Management • 400 members, primarilywithin the public sector, butalso private enterprises -service providers for the Swedish citizens • Networking, training and lobbying • National memberof Cewep, ECN, ISWA and Municipal Waste Europe

  7. Part 2 Waste – a Resource The Development Responsibilities Operations

  8. Waste - a resource

  9. Waste - a resource • 2012: • 14,7 TWh districtenergy -> 20 % of the total districtenergyin Sweden - the heatingneedof 900 000 homes • 1,7 TWh electricity – the needof 250 000 homes • 2012: • 353 GWh vehicle-fuelproduced from foodwastereplacedabout 30 millions liters of petrol. • 725 000 tonnesbiofertilizerproducedreplacingindustrialfertilizer

  10. Waste hierarchy

  11. Uniqueresults

  12. Towardszerolandfilling - a 40 yearsperspective 62 % 1 %

  13. Important steps of development • Late 1800:Cholera-epidemic - start of municipal waste management • 1950’s: • Districtheating systems developed • 1970’s and 80’s:Oil crises - waste is beingused for districtheating

  14. An important part of the energy system Districtenergy in Sweden – fuelsupply: Electricity Heatpumps Oil Fossil fuels Biofuels Electricity Waste heat Waste 5 % Waste heat Heatpumps Waste Carbon Gas Waste Peat Oil Waste heat Peat Biofuels Biofuels 1993 1980 2008 Source:

  15. An important part of the energy system Districtenergy in Sweden – fuelsupply: Electricity Fossil fuel Heatpumps Waste heat Waste Peat Biofuels Source:

  16. Towardszerolandfilling Household waste to landfill per year (tonnes) 50 % Landfill tax introduced Ban on landfillof combustiblewaste Producers’ responsibility introduced Ban on landfillof organicwaste Municipal waste planning compulsory National target on foodwaste recycling

  17. Clear division ofroles and responsibilities Producers: • Collection and treatmentofwastewithin the ProducersResponsibility • Municipalities: • Collection and treatmentof municipal waste • Companies/Industries: • Handling ofowngeneratedwaste • Citizens/households: • Separation and leave/transport wasteat indicatedcollectionpoints

  18. Plans, regulators, permissions and supervision National level • Parliament • National environmentaltargets • The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency • National waste plan • Producesnational legislation and guidelines • National environmental courts (5 plus onesuperior): • Gives permissions to largertreatment plants Regional level(21 counties) • County Administrative Board - government authority: • Regional environmentaltargets • Permissions and control for mosttreatmentplants • Supervision of the regional treatmentcapacity Municipal level(290 municipalities) • Municipal authorithies: • Localenvironmentaltargets • Localwaste plans and regulations • Permissions and control of smallertreatmentplants

  19. Organisation and operation Municipalitiesdeal with theirresponsibility in different waysand design theirownwaste management organisation Organisation: • About 50 % municipal companies Collection: • 73 % outsourcing (mainlyto private companies) Treatment: • About 65% outsourcing (mainlyto municipal companies)

  20. Owner-shipofwasteincinerators • Municipally owned plant • Co-owned regional waste company (2 out of 32) • Full-owned energy company • Full-owned multi-utility company • Privatly owned plant (4,5 out of 32)

  21. Clear division ofroles and responsibilities Implementation and operation Responsibility • Private and public wastemanagement sector • Knowledge- and Equipment supply • Treatment- and Collection services Producers • Municipalities Companies/Industries Citizens/households

  22. Co-operation Co-operation – the solution to an increasingly complex waste management Thru • Common municipal waste company (20 regional companies in Sweden) • Common municipal waste association (8 associations in Sweden with totally 28 municipalities) • Common board (4 common boards in Sweden with totally 9 municipalities) • Common procurement on specific issues matters

  23. Part 3 OverviewModel Infrastructure Collection Recovery and Recycling

  24. Overviewmodel

  25. Public awarness - a successfactor Keymessages and tools for motivation and tofacilitatecollaboration: • Communication • Developmentofselfinstructive systems • Feed back of the results and that ”whatIdo matters” • Emphasize on the wasteholdersresponsibility and participation

  26. Waste prevention • Long tradition of reusethroughflea markets, second hand, collection at recycling parks, etc • Depositfee system for bevarage containers/bottles • Foodwaste, textiles, electronical and demolitionwaste in focus – goalsproposed • Largestchallenge: decouplingbetweengeneratedwaste and economicgrowth

  27. Infrastructure Collection ofwaste from householdsbased on source separation • Curbsidecollection • 5 800 unmanned recycling drop-off stations • 630 manneddrop-off recycling centers Treatmentand recycling ofwastebased on the charcterof the waste • 60 organicwastefacilities • 34 waste to energy plants • 78 landfills

  28. Collection Collection ofwaste from householdsbased on source separation • Curbsidecollection for combustible and foodwaste (and sometimespackaging and paper) • 5 800 unmanned recycling drop-off stations for for packaging and paper • 630 manneddrop-off recycling centers for bulky, electronical and hazardouswaste • Various solutions for hazardouswastecollection

  29. Innovation and trends in collection • Multi compartmentcollection vessels • Opticalsorting • Vehicles on biogas • Automated vacuum systems • Underground containers

  30. Infrastructure Treatment and recycling ofwastebased on the characterof the waste • 60 organicwastefacilities • 34 waste to energy plants • 78 landfills

  31. Recycling centers

  32. A system based on resource focus Materials Foodwaste Combustiblewaste Hazardouswaste District energy Electricity Biogas Biofertilizer Directenvironmentalbenifit Products Virgin materials and energysaved Petrolsaved and industrialfertilizersaved Fossil and otherfuelssaved Environmentalprotectioncostssaved

  33. A system based on resource focus Materials Foodwaste Combustiblewaste Hazardouswaste • 2012: • 353 GWh vehicle-fuelproduced from foodwastereplacedabout 30 millions liters of petrol. • 725 000 tonnesbiofertilizerproducedreplacingindustrialfertilizer District energy • 2012 • 13 TWh districtenergy -> 20 % of the total districtenergyin Sweden / the heatingneedof 900 000 homes • 1,7 TWh electricity ->needof 250 000 homes Electricity Biogas Biofertilizer Directenvironmentalbenifit Products Virgin materials and energysaved Petrolsaved and industrialfertilizersaved Fossil and otherfuelssaved Environmentalprotectioncostssaved

  34. Productionof biogas and bio-fertilizer • The mostincreasingtreatmentmethod • 58 plants • Energy recovery by the productionof biogas used as a vehicle-fuel • Recycling of nutritions tofarming-land by the productionof bio-fertilizer During 2012, 353 GWh vehicle-fuelwasproduced from foodwastereplacingabout 30 millions liters of petrol. 725000 tonnesbiofertilizer is producedyearly in Sweden.

  35. Generation ofdistrictheating and electricity • Covers around 20 % of the total districtheating in Sweden, equals the needs of 900 000 homes • Produceselectricitycorresponding to the needs of 250 000 homes • Advanced and secureflue gas treatment • Most of the rest-productscan be recycled Total energyproduction 2012: Districtheating: 13 TWh Electricity: 1,7 TWh (includingindustralwaste)

  36. Energy recoveryofwaste 34 plants: • Receiving 50 000 – 700 000 tonnes yearly (2012: 32 plants) • Recovering yearly (2012: 32 plants) • totally 5 042 000 tonnes • of which 2 270 000 tonnes municipal waste • Gate fee approx 370-710 SEK/tonnes (average 500 SEK)

  37. The mostenergyefficient plants in the world Recoveredenergy per tonnehouseholdwasteincinerated 3,0 Electricity MWh/ton Heat 2,5 2,0 If industrial waste was included in the diagram the Swedish result would be almost 3 MWh/tonnes 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Italy Spain Austria France Sweden Finland Belgium Norway Portugal Hungery Denmark Germany Great Britain Switzerland Czech Republic The Netherlands

  38. Efficient and cleanwaste incineration

  39. Clean waste incineration • Most emissions decreasedwith90-99 % since1985: • Strict emission regulations • Fee on NOx (nitrooxygen)

  40. Reducedweight and volume • 15-20 weight% bottomash • 3-5 weight%fly ash

  41. From landfills to modern recycling facilities (Illustrator: Per Josefsson)

  42. An integrated part of a holistic system Products Farms Households Material recycling Sewage water cleaning Biosolids Waste Anaerobic digestion Vehiclefuel Landfill Biogas Cooling/ heatingproduction Incineration Electricityproduction Otherfuels

  43. Part 4 Waste Economy Meansof Control SuccessFactors Challenges Vision and Long Term Goals

  44. Waste economy Municipal waste: • All costscovered by municipal wastefees (not by taxes) • The fee is decided by each municipal board • Non-profit • Allowed to be differentiated to encouragesource separation for recycling Municipal wastewithinproducers’ responsibility: • Costscovered by a feeadded to the priceofeveryproduct • The fee is decided by the producers

  45. Waste fee • Averageyearlyfee per • household 2011: • Houses: 220 EUR • Flats: 140 EUR Averagedailyfee per household

  46. Costs for municipal waste management Cost for municipal waste management, 2010, average

  47. Meansofcontrol • Environmentalobjectives • Governmentregulations, bans, and taxes, for example: • Tax on landfilling (since 2000) • Ban on landfilling of combustiblewastesince 2002 • Ban on landfilling of organicwastesince 2005 • Differentiated municipal waste tariffs • Municipal wasteplanningand regulations • Information and communication

  48. Importantsuccessfactors • Waste management is a public service • Clear division ofroles and responsibilities • Clear national environmentaltargetsshowing the direction and long-term regulations and economicalsteering instruments • Co-operation betweenmunicipalities • Collaborationbetween public and private sectors • Holistic system view- an integrated part of the sustinable city • Co-operation withinmunicipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban- planning-, etc departements) • A system based on source separation with focus on communicationand public engagement • A system based on resourcerecovery

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