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Energy Defined:. Classification of Energy. II - Chemical, Electrical, Nuclear, Thermal, Mechanical …. Energy can be:. transferred - as in food chains, food webs, heat movement. Energy can be:.
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II - Chemical, Electrical, Nuclear, Thermal, Mechanical …
Energy can be: • transferred - as in food chains, food webs, heat movement
Energy can be: • converted – chemical to heat, electrical to mechanical, etc.
Energy can be: • expended – supply depleted during an activity (it is converted)
Energy can be: • stored – starch, glycogen, fat etc.
Energy can be: • conserved – energy “saved” by survival strategies etc.
mimicry • – animals may mimic coloration of poisonous species. Bright coloration often advertises danger from poisoning to would-be predators. A nonpoisonous species may have evolved similar coloration. It may deter predators, & they don’t expend energy making the poison in their bodies. (This would be “Batesian” mimicry) striped poison dart frog (Painted Mantella) Mantella laevigata
mimicry can serve other purposes such as camouflage, such as this leaf mimic insect
(b) Flight or Fight Strategies: Is it wiser in terms of energy costs to fight for a territory, food source, or mate, or to leave and find other means?
(c) Cannibalism - If it is inevitable that a predator will eat the young, a mother eats her own to gain back the energy investment, rather than let it be taken by a predator. During a time that food was scarce, a mother hawk fed her starved chick to the other three better fed hatchlings.
In February (2009) a team of biologists found that female rattlesnakes will consume, on average, 11 percent of their postpartum mass, mostly in stillborn or non-viable offspring. They do it to recover some of their strength after giving birth and to get ready for subsequent reproduction. • New rattlesnake mothers cannibalizing some of their stillborn young is more common than not: Of the 190 females snakes in the study, 68 percent consumed at least some of their babies.
(d) Bird Flight –Birds may take advantages of thermals (currents of warm air) in flight and glide, rather than flapping their wings.
(e) stealing – taking another: • predator’s kill • animal’s home or food • animal’s eggs or young crow stealing eggs lions often steal from other predators
(e) stealing – taking another: (continued) • animal’s body (ex: wasp lays eggs in a caterpillar’s body as a ready food source.)
(e) stealing – taking another: (continued) • labor (ex: a species of ant steals the pupae of another species and raise them to become their slaves. The slave ants obtain food for their masters and are even made to feed them. Polyergus stealing a larva
Polyergus, also called Amazon ants, is a small genus of 6 described species (and several possible undescribed species) of "slave-raiding" ants. Its workers are incapable of caring for brood, in part due to their dagger-like, piercing mandibles, but more importantly, because in the evolution of their parasitism, they have lost the "behavioral wiring" to carry out even rudimentary brood care, or even to feed themselves Polyergus steaming a pupa
Slavemaker ants take over colonies • Ant colonies invaded by slave makers are quickly overcome and forced to support the slave-making colony. In some species of Slavemaking Ants, the workers are strictly bred for the purpose of going out and conquering other nests. This colony cannot survive without slaves as the slavemaking Ants lack the abilities to tend to the queen, raise young and hunt for food.
(f) recycling • – hermit crab uses discarded shells for its own (as it grows it finds larger shells) Without shell With shell
A sea slug species consumes anemone an obtains their poisonous stinging cells (Nudibranch are the sea slugs with extensions called cerata.) cnidosac- holds the stinging cells from the anemone cerata of a nudibranch nudibranch eating anemone
A female firefly (Photurius) eats the male and gains a toxin in their blood that can be used keep predators away when secreted. (If a human were to eat 20 of these, they would be killed by the toxin.)
(g) Trick others to raise your kids – • The Alcon blue butterfly (Malculinea alcon) has found a way to get others to raise their offspring.
Researchers in Denmark report that the large blue butterfly has managed to produce larvae with a chemical coating similar to that of the local ants (Red ant -Myrmica rubra). • Exploring ants indentify the chemical coating, and feed them until they grow up and leave. ant nest with Alcon larvae
Cuckoos are probably the best con artists of all birds! That is because they can dupe another bird into brooding and rearing their own offspring. For an offender like this, we call it a "brood parasite.“ • To be fair, of about 150 different cuckoo species, not all practice "brood parasitism." Nevertheless, the cunning reputation of some cuckoo species is what makes cuckoos famous and intriguing. African reed warbler common cuckoo
Let's use the common cuckoo (scientific name: Cuculus canorus) of Eurasia and Africa as an example. When a female common cuckoo is ready to lay her egg, she must first find a bird species whose eggs resemble hers. And, the reed warbler (scientific name: Acrocephalus scirpaceus) is a perfect choice. • All she needs next is an opportune moment during which both parents are away from the nest running errands, so she can sneak in and deposit her egg inside. • Once that is done, she flies away and never bothers to pay the host family or her chick another visit. When the reed warbler couple comes back, they do not notice anything unusual; hence, they resume incubation. • When the young chick hatches it first disposes of any of the reed warbler’s own eggs.
Free Energy – energy in a system available for work • Living organisms obtain free energy as a product of their metabolism. • The Earth’s ecosystems rely on the sun for energy, either directly or indirectly. All fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) originate from the sun’s energy, which is stored in their organic compounds
The sun permits the growth of plants and animals (who eat the plants), and develop increasing biomass. • This biomass is converted into the coal, oil and natural gas over time. (a very long time – non renewable fuel)
