Chapter 10: Louisiana in the New South

1. Chapter 10: Louisiana in the New South

2. Themes: • Louisiana and the World Timeline (pp. 242-243) • Redeemers and the New South; Social Problems (pp. 244-247) • African Americans and the Vote (pp. 248-249) • The Penal System; Transportation (pp. 250-254) • Healthcare; Education; The Arts (pp. 255-259)

3. Themes: • A Modernizing Economy (pp. 260-263) • Labor Disputes in the New South (pp. 264-265) • Politics; The Beginnings of Change; Theodore Roosevelt (pp. 266-268) • Review (pp. 269)

4. I. Redeemers (Bourbons) and a New South • Democrats who helped end Reconstruction and became known as Redeemers. • They wanted to regain the power and control they had before the Civil War. • They wanted to dominate over African Americans, have political control over the states, and preserve the old ways of life GLEs: 65, 67, 72, 73, 74, 81

5. A. Something Old, Something New • Wanted to modernize without destroying the culture of an agricultural economy and white supremacy • Agricultural economy remained • Northern companies began to take advantage of La’s rich resources of timber and oil • Gap between the rich and poor. • State was behind the nation in education, transportation, and modern economics.

6. II. Social Problems

7. A. Culture Clash • African Americans and other ethnic groups became victims of discrimination and violence. • Immigrants arriving after Reconstruction were mostly from Eastern Europe. • They were eager for opportunities and apprehensive about new life in America. • Immigrants created more competition for new jobs .

8. B. Organized Crime • Mafia: organized crime, introduced by Italian criminals who emigrated from Sicily. • Engaged in theft, bribery, intimidation, and murder.

9. C. The New Orleans Lynching • Lynching of 11 men who were charged and acquitted for the murder of Chief of Police David Hennessy. • Largest illegal execution in U.S. history. • In protest, Italy withdrew its diplomats from the United States and even threatened to send warships to Louisiana. • US government paid victims’ families to help resolve the tension.

10. **Louisiana Lynching (Read more about it on page 247)

11. III. African Americans and the vote • Redeemers did not like blacks voting and worked to disenfranchise (remove the right to vote) from black voters GLEs: 65, 6, 68, 70, 73

12. A. Literacy Tests • Before a person could vote they had to pass a literacy test involving reading and interpreting a portion of the state constitution. • Most African Americans could not read well enough to pass the test or were unfairly failed.

13. B. The Poll Tax • A citizen had to pay a very small tax each year to vote. • Sharecroppers could not afford this tax.

14. C. The Grandfather Clause • To keep poor whites from being disenfranchised this clause was passed. • It states a man could vote if his grandfather voted before 1867 (African Americans did not receive the right to vote unit 1868)

15. D. Jim Crow Laws • To stop mixing of the races Redeemers in the South passed segregation laws (Jim Crow laws) • Segregation laws were written to physically and legally separate the black from whites. • Examples: separate schools, water fountains, restaurants, bathrooms, and train cars • Many Jim Crow laws were not written as laws, but were practiced as customs.

16. E.Plessy v. Ferguson • Jim Crow laws were challenged by Louisianan, Homer Adolph Plessy • He was one-eighth black, but according to state law, he was a Negro. • He boarded a white-only railroad car and was ordered to leave. He refused and was arrested. • Plessy sued the state and lost • The US Supreme Court ruled “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional. • In reality, facilities were never equal • This was a major setback for African American rights.

17. IV. Population • Population grew during New South period.

18. A. A Time of Change • Population began to shift from rural to urban. • People moved from farms into towns, seeking jobs and modern conveniences. • Electric lights, telephones, indoor plumbing, paved streets, and electric trolley cars began to appear.

19. V. The Penal System GLEs: 64, 65, 73, 78, 79, 80

20. A. Convict Lease System • State prison in Baton Rouge leased out to a private company. • The Private company leased convicts out as workers to private citizens and the state received 25% of profits. • Very abusive to convicts and there was an 80% death rate

21. B. Angola Prison • Constitution of 1898 abolished convict leasing system • Baton Rouge prison was sold and Angola was formed • Angola was named for a region of Africa where slaves came from. • It was an old plantation in West Feliciana Parish. • Conditions improved and death rate declined • One of nations most famous prisons. • Annual Angola Prison Rodeo http://www.angolarodeo.com/

22. VI. Transportations • Louisiana’s timber and oil industries were growing and required better transportation systems.

23. A. Steamboats • Golden era of steamboats after Reconstruction. • Carried passengers, cotton, and other products along Mississippi River.

24. Steamboat Race

25. B. Railroads • Ended steamboat era because trains were faster and could carry more cargo. • Made transportation of goods out of state easier and opened new markets for products

26. **Most Famous Steamboat Race in History (Read more about it on page 253)

27. C. Jetties • Created by James B. Eads to confine a river’s current to a narrow channel and to keep sandbars from forming. • This made it easier for ocean-going vessels to enter the river.

28. D. The Plaquemine Lock • Colonel George W. Goethals designed a lock system for Plaquemine to open the bayou to the Mississippi River. • It lifted ships 51 vertical feet, the highest freshwater lift in the world.

29. E. Roads • Remained out of date • Dirt roads, few paved roads, and a few bridges were what Louisiana’s roads consisted of

30. VII. Healthcare GLEs: 64, 66, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80

31. A. Yellow Fever • New Orleans and Shreveport incidents are the most famous in the state • Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Shreveport commemorates the 5 priests who stayed in Shreveport to nurse the ill during an outbreak.

32. B. The Last Epidemic • One of worst yellow fever epidemics in Louisiana history was in New Orleans during this time period. • Out of 24,000 cases, 4,000 people died. • Doctors learned it was carried by mosquitoes • Officials learned to drain pools of water and spray with oil to reduce outbreaks. • Last outbreak was in 1905.

33. C. Charity Hospitals • Shreveport Charity Hospital (built new, modern hospital) • New Orleans Charity Hospital was improved (electricity and more beds)

34. D. Meeting Other Needs • Institute for the blind was established in Baton Rouge • Central Louisiana State Hospital for mentally ill was started in Pineville

35. **Leprosy in Louisiana (Read more about it on page 255)

36. VIII. Education • Due to the fact the Redeemers were mostly farmers, education was not highly valued. • Louisiana was the only state where literacy was declining

37. A. State Board of Education • Legislature created the State Board of Education and local parish school boards. • Governor Blanchard doubled the education budget, built new schools, required that parish superintendents become certified and changed the way parish school board members were chosen.

38. B. T. H. Harris • The most influential person in education in Louisiana • Consolidated one-room country schools • Required teacher to have college degrees

39. C. Higher Education • LA legislature developed regional college due to the difficulty of traveling. • Louisiana Seminary of Learning moved from Pineville to Baton Rouge and became Louisiana State University

40. D. Private Education for Blacks • Several colleges were created for black students. • Saint Katharine founded New Orleans’ Xavier College as a preparatory school for African Americans.

41. Black College Students

42. E. Public Education for Blacks • Lobbied in 1879 by P.B.S. Pinchback and other black politicians, Southern University was established. • 1901, Charles P. Adams established the Colored Institute and Agricultural School in Lincoln Parish (Grambling).

43. IX. The Arts Unique Mixture ofCultures

44. A. Jazz and Blues • Jazz reflects African, Caribbean, French, Spanish, Indian, and American influences, and was created in New Orleans around 1900. • Blues deal with pain, sorrow, broken hearts, and the suffering that comes from the difficult lives led by many African Americans of the times.

45. **Ferdinand “Jelly Roll” Morton (Read more on page 258)

46. **Louis Armstrong (Read more on page 258)

47. B. Art • Impressionism is a light spontaneous style of painting in which the artist tries to capture a moment in time. • Edgar Degas of New Orleans

48. C. Literature • Controversial subjects are ones that spark debate or differences of opinion. • George Washington Cable and Kate Chopin created works that were controversial. • People living in different regions of the country had different opinions on the topics Cable and Chopin wrote about, such as Jim Crow laws and women’s rights.

49. George Washington Cable

50. X. The Modernizing Economy • Goal during New South movement was to increase business and industry. GLEs: 64, 65, 66, 70, 72, 73, 78, 81