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Exploring Biochemistry: Molecules of Life

Delve into the molecular world of life with carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. Understand their structures, functions, and role in energy processes. Discover how proteins guide reactions and DNA dictates genetic traits. Uncover the secrets of DNA analysis in forensic investigations and the wonders of recombinant genetics.

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Exploring Biochemistry: Molecules of Life

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  1. Chapter 15 Biochemistry

  2. Energy of Life • Sun energy is converted to chemical energy by plants 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Building energy molecules = anabolism • Breaking down molecules for energy = catabolism

  3. Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates • Formed from C, H, and O • Types: • Sugars = monosaccharides • Names end in –ose • Starches = polysaccharide • Plant starch = amylose, large granules • Animal starch = glycogen, small granules • Cellulose = polysaccharide • Different linkages than starches

  4. Molecules of Life: Fats • Called lipids • Types: • Fatty acids (triglycerides) • Steroids: cholesterol, sex hormones • Fat-soluble vitamins • Waxes • Classified by degree of saturation • Insoluble in water • Usually less dense than water

  5. Molecules of life: Proteins • Vital: present in all body tissues • Combinations of amino acids • 9 are essential amino acids • All have 3-letter abbreviations • How many combinations can you make from threonine (Thr), proline (Pro), cysteine (Cys), and leucine (Leu)?

  6. Molecules of life: Protein Structure • Primary • Amino acid sequence: long chain • Secondary • Pleated sheet • α- helix • Tertiary • 3-dimensional folding of chain • Quaternary • Multiple separate tertiary structures bonded together

  7. Molecules of life: Protein Structure

  8. Molecules of life: Protein Structure α-helix Pleated sheet Both due to hydrogen bonding!

  9. Molecules of life: Protein Structure • Linking proteins together • Primary = peptide bonds (amide linkage) • Secondary • Hydrogen bonds • Tertiary, Quaternary • Ionic bonds (“salt bridge”) • Disulfide bond (covalent) • Dispersion forces • Most important for non-polar side-chains

  10. Molecules of life: Protein Structure

  11. Molecules of Life: Special Proteins • Enzymes • Catalyze reactions • Lower activation energy: bring reactants into precise proximity • Increase reaction rate • Lower necessary temperature • Not used up in reaction! • Some for catabolism, some for anabolism

  12. Molecules of Life: Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides: • Sugar • Ribose (in RNA) • Deoxyribose (in DNA) • Phosphate • PO43- polyatomic ion bonded to sugar • Backbone of the DNA • Amine base • Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G) • Pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (G), uracil (U) in RNA • Purines bond with pyrimidines • Linked by hydrogen bonding

  13. Molecules of Life: Nucleic Acids

  14. Molecules of Life: Nucleic Acids

  15. Molecules of Life: Nucleic Acids • Double helical structure • DNA synthesis • Unzipped by enzymes for replication • “Semi-conservative replication” • Sets of nucleotides copied into new strand

  16. Molecules of Life: Nucleic Acids • Protein Synthesis • Transcription • mRNA: “negative” copy of DNA in nucleus • Translation • tRNA: amino acids make protein structure

  17. Molecules of Life: Nucleic Acids

  18. DNA Analysis Crime Scene Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 3 Suspect 4 • Paternity Testing • 50% of DNA from each parent • DNA fingerprinting • Compare evidence to known samples Source: http://www.copernico.bo.it/subwww/webnewbio/webbiotec/html/K5_DNA%20Fingerprinting.html

  19. DNA Manipulation Recombinant Genetics

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