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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. Acids and Bases. 15.1: What are Acids and Bases?. Objectives: To name acids and bases. To write formulas for acids and bases. Rules for Naming Acids. -ide  hydro_____ic acid -ate  _____ic acid -ite  _____ous acid *If a compound begins with hydrogen name it as an acid.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Acids and Bases

  2. 15.1: What are Acids and Bases? • Objectives: • To name acids and bases. • To write formulas for acids and bases.

  3. Rules for Naming Acids -ide  hydro_____ic acid -ate  _____ic acid -ite  _____ous acid *If a compound begins with hydrogen name it as an acid.

  4. Examples: Naming Acids 1. HCl • The anion is chloride (Cl-) • For an anion ending in –ide  hydro___ic acid • Therefore, the name is hydrochloric acid

  5. Examples: Naming Acids 1. HCl • The anion is chloride (Cl-) • For an anion ending in –ide  hydro___ic acid • Therefore, the name is hydrochloric acid 2. HNO3 • The anion is nitrate (NO3-) • For an anion ending in –ate  ___ic acid • Therefore, the name is nitric acid

  6. Examples: Naming Acids 1. HCl • The anion is chloride (Cl-) • For an anion ending in –ide hydro___ic acid • Therefore, the name is hydrochloric acid 2. H2SO4 • The anion is sulfate (SO42-) • For an anion ending in –ate  ___ic acid • Therefore, the name is sulfuric acid 3. H2SO3 • The anion sulfite (SO32-) • For an anion ending in –ite ___ous acid • Therefore, the name acid sulfurous acid

  7. Name the following compound: HBr • Bromic acid • Bromous acid • Hydrobromic acid • Hydrobromous acid • None of the above

  8. Name the following compound: HBr • Bromic acid • Bromous acid • Hydrobromic acid • Hydrobromous acid • None of the above

  9. Name the following compound: H2C2O4 • Chromic acid • Oxalate acid • Dihydrogen dicarbon tetraoxide • Oxalic acid • None of the above

  10. Name the following compound: H2C2O4 • Chromic acid • Oxalate acid • Dihydrogen dicarbon tetraoxide • Oxalic acid • None of the above

  11. Practice: Naming Acids 1. H2SO3 2. HF 3. H3PO4 4. HNO3 5. HI

  12. Practice: Naming Acids 1. H2SO3 : sulfurous acid 2. HF : hyrofluoric acid 3. H3PO4 : phosphoric acid 4. HNO3 : nitric acid 5. HI : hydroiodic acid

  13. Examples: Writing Formulas for Acids H+ SO42- 1. Sulfuric acid • The anion is sulfate (SO42-) • The cation is H+ • Criss-cross charges to get H2SO4 2. Carbonic acid • The anion is carbonate (CO32-) • The cation is H+ • Criss-cross charges to get H2CO3 H2SO4 H+ CO32- H2CO3

  14. Practice: Writing Formulas for Acids 1. Hydrochloric acid 2. Nitric acid 3. Phosphorous acid 4. Hydroiodic acid

  15. Practice: Writing Formulas for Acids 1. Hydrochloric acid: HCl 2. Nitric acid: HNO3 3. Phosphorous acid: H3PO3 4. Hydroiodic acid: HI

  16. Acids you should know…

  17. Some Bases…

  18. 15.1: What are acids and bases? continued • Objectives: • To list properties of acids and bases. • To define acid and base. • To identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in a chemical reaction.

  19. Properties of Acids • Taste sour • Form Hydronium Ions (H3O+) • Conduct electricity • React with metals

  20. Properties of Bases • Taste bitter • Feel slippery • Generate Hydroxide Ions (OH-)

  21. Acid • Arrhenius Acid: any substance that, when added to water, increases the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration *Note: H+ and H3O+ are used interchangeably

  22. Base • Arrhenius Base: generates hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water

  23. BrØnsted-LowRY Acid • A substance that donates a proton (H+) to another substance.

  24. BrØwnsted-lowry base • A substance that accepts a proton (H+).

  25. Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base • Conjugate Acid: an acid that forms when the base gains a H+ • Conjugate Base: the base that forms when an acid loses an H+

  26. Identify the conjugate base for the following acids:

  27. Identify the conjugate base for the following acids:

  28. Identify the conjugate acid for the following bases:

  29. Identify the conjugate acid for the following bases:

  30. Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in the following chemical reactions: • HCl + OH- Cl- + H2O acid base c. base c. acid 2. HNO3 + OH-  NO3- + H2O 3. H2O + HCO3-  H2CO3 + OH-

  31. Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in the following chemical reactions: • HCl + OH- Cl- + H2O acid base c. base c. acid 2. HNO3 + OH-  NO3- + H2O acid base c. base c. acid 3. H2O + HCO3-  H2CO3 + OH- acid base c. acid c. base

  32. Amphoteric Substances • An amphoteric substance can donate AND accept protons. • Example: HCO3- is amphoteric HCO3- + NH3 CO32- + NH4+ Acid Base C. Base C. Acid HCO3- + H3O+  H2CO3 + H2O Base Acid C. Acid C. Base

  33. 15.2 Acidity, Basicity, and pH • Objective: • To calculate the concentration of the hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion.

  34. Self-Ionization of Water H2O(l) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7 M What is the Keq for water?

  35. Self-Ionization of Water H2O(l) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7 M What is the Keq for water? Keq = [H3O+][OH-] = (1.00 x 10-7)(1.00 x 10-7) Keq = 1.00 x 10-14 = Kw

  36. Summary Kw = [H3O+][OH-] Kw = 1.00 x 10-14

  37. Determining [H3O+] and [OH-] using Kw • Step 1: Write the Kw expression. • Step 2: Determine concentrations. • Step 3: Solve!

  38. Example • What is [OH-] in a 3.00 x 10-5 M solution of HCl? Kw = [H3O+][OH-] 1 x 10-14 = (3.00 x 10-5) [OH-] [OH-] = 3.33 x 10-10 M

  39. Practice • Calculate the hydronium ion concentration in an aqueous solution of KOH that has a hydroxide ion concentration of 7.24 x 10-4 M.

  40. Practice • Calculate the hydronium ion concentration in an aqueous solution of KOH that has a hydroxide ion concentration of 7.24 x 10-4 M. • What is the [OH-] in a 0.450 M solution of HNO3?

  41. Practice 3. What is [H3O+] in a solution of NaOH whose concentration is 3.75 x 10-2 M?

  42. Practice 3. What is [H3O+] in a solution of NaOH whose concentration is 3.75 x 10-2 M? 4. Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration of a 0.200 M solution of HClO4.

  43. 15.2: Acidity, Basicity, and pH continued • Objective: • To calculate pH.

  44. pH • pH: A value used to represent acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution.

  45. Measuring pH • Indicators: dyes that turn different colors in solutions of different pH • Examples: litmus paper, bromothymol blue, methyl orange, phenolphthalein

  46. Calculating pH pH = -log[H3O+]

  47. Example • What is the pH of a solution with a 0.05 M hydronium ion concentration? pH = -log[H3O+] pH = -log(0.05) pH = 1.30 *Note: pH does not have units.

  48. Practice • What is the pH of 0.00010 M solution of nitric acid?

  49. Practice • What is the pH of 0.00010 M solution of nitric acid? • Calculate the pH if [H3O+] = 5.0 x 10-3 M.

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