Ms. DeStefano’s Grammar Challenge

1. Ms. DeStefano’s Grammar Challenge Created By: Ms. DeStefano

2. Student: So Y do we gots to learn grammar anywayz? Ms. DeStefano: Well, in order to become better writers, it is necessary to follow the rules of grammar.

3. Student: But this is hard! When will we have to know how to write; don’t all computers have spell check? Ms. DeStefano : Although most computers are equipped with spell check, that option only catches misspelled words, which is only a small part of grammar. You must know how to write clearly in school, as well as, in your future careers.

4. Parts of Speech • There are 8 parts of speech that you need to know: • 1)Nouns • 2)Pronouns • 3)Adjectives • 4)Verbs • 5)Adverbs • 6)Prepositions • 7)Conjunctions • 8)Interjections

5. EX: Wow! Grammar can be a difficult subject, but I’m learning it. EX: Wow! Grammar (Interjection) (noun) can be a difficult (verb) (verb)(adj) (adj) subject, but I am (noun)(conj)(pron)(v) learning it. (v) (pron)

6. Language Detective TIP: Since it is often hard to tell the part of speech of a particular word, you need to pretend to be a language detective and look for clues to help you solve this difficult challenge.

7. NounsA noun is a: • Person Place • Thing Idea

8. Teacher Challenge • In your notebooks see how many nouns you can think of for each of the four categories. The winner gets a sticker.

9. So far so good! Now let’s talk about aCompound Noun and a Proper Noun. • A compound noun is a noun made up of two words. • EX: Daydream, family room, self-esteem • A proper noun is a noun that specifically names a person, place, thing, or idea, and always begins with a CAPITAL LETTER. • CommonProper • womanMs. DeStefano • dog Bruno • schoolPequannock Valley M.S.

10. Teacher Challenge • Think you understand nouns? Prove it. • Take out your notebooks and let’s see who can match each common noun, with an appropriate proper noun. • 1: Ocean = ___________ • 2: Holiday=___________ • 3: Continent=__________ • Then see if you can name three different compound nouns.

11. Congratulations you have survived the first part of speech! Go on if you dare… • Pronouns: are words that are used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. • Ex: Ms. DeStefano went to the mall for a new outfit. • She went there for a new outfit. • Sheand thereare pronouns that replace the nouns:Ms. DeStefanoand mall.

12. The word or group of words that a pronoun replaces is called an ANTECEDENT. • Ex: My aunt sold her car. (Aunt is the antecedent of her in this sentence).

13. Different Types of Pronouns • 1) Personal Pronouns: I, Me, He, She, You, Them, It (All refer to people or things) • 2) Demonstrative Pronouns: This, That, These, Those ( 4, 4, 5, 5) Points out a specific person, place, thing or idea. • HINTYou will never find a noun after a demonstrative pronoun. • EX: What is that? • EX: This is the uniform worn by Babe Ruth! • CHALLENGE: See if you can write four sentences in your notebooks using the four demonstrative pronouns correctly!

14. More Pronouns… • 3) Indefinite Pronouns: Refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that may not be specifically named. • EX: All, any, anybody, both, each, either, few, more, none, one, several, something… • EX 1 : Everyone in the class was invited to the party. • EX2: Some are bored by this movie.

15. Even More Pronouns… • 4) Interrogative Pronouns: introduce a question. 5-Who, What, Which,Whom,Whose • ????????????????????????????????? • Ex:Who is the best language detective? • Ex:Whom may I ask is calling?

16. Wow! You are moving right along! It is now time for the 3rd part of speech:Adjectives, Adjectives, Adjectives • An adjective is a word used to DESCRIBE a noun or a pronoun! • TIP: Ms. DeStefano LOVES to see her students use as many adjectives as possible in their writing! In order to tell if a word is an adjective, it must answer 3 questions: • 1: What kind? Gentle dog, scary movie • 2: Which one? Sixth grade, these books • 3: How many or how much? Two tickets, no work

17. ARTICLES • Articles- are a type of adjective that always come before a noun. There are only 3 articles you need to know: An, A, The • Rule- Use the article “an” before a noun that begins with a vowel(a,e,i,o,u, and sometimes y). Use “a” only before a noun that begins with a consonant. • Ex: An apple • Ex: a dog

18. Teacher Challenge • Fill in the correct article before each word: ex. An apple • 1: ___ dog 4: ___elephant • 2:___ icecream cone 5:___ clown • 3:___ teacher 6:___ ocean

19. Different Types of ADJECTIVES… • Similar to nouns, adjectives can also be proper. • Japanese Islands  What kind of islands? • Also, there are DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES- and they are the same as the demonstrative pronouns. Do you remember??? • * The difference between a Dem. Adj. and a Dem. Pron. is that a D.A. describe a noun or pronoun and the noun always comes right after the D.A. • *When the word is used as a D.P. the noun does not come right after. • Ex: What are these skates doing here?D.A. -skates • Ex: What are these doing here?D.P. ---there is no noun, the D.P. takes the place of the word skates. • GREAT JOB! You have made it through one chapter of parts of speech.

20. Verbs, Verbs, and More Verbs… • A VERB is a word that expresses a state of action or a state of being. • (action)(state of being) • Ex: We went to Boston. The verb says something about the subject in the sentence. • Verbs are classified into three major groups: Main or Helping Verbs, Action Verbs, and Linking Verbs. • Now let’s see if we can be language detectives and figure our these three categories…

21. Main or Helping Verbs • Main or Helping Verbs: in many sentences, a single word is used to express the action or state of being. • Ex:Bruno barked at the cat. • In some sentences the verb consists of a main verb and a helping verb. • Ex. Can speakList of commonly used helping verbs on page 348 • h.v v • The main verb the helping verb is called the VERB PHRASE. • Can you find the verb phrase? • Ex: Many students can speak English.

22. Action Verbs • Action Verbs: are the easiest verbs to identify because they express physical or mental activity. • Ex. Please cook dinner John. • Kelsey understands this grammar lesson. • Usually action verbs end in –ing. • Ex’s: swimming, thinking, jogging, running, speeding, biking, etc…

23. Linking Verbs • Linking Verbs- connects or links the subject of the sentence to a word or word group that describes the subject. • HINT- Some words could be action verbs depending on how they are used, so here is a trick to help you figure out whether or not the verb is a linking verb or an action verb. • Step 1: Locate your verb • Step 2: See if that verb can be replaced with either: Am, Is, Are. • Step 3: If the sentence still makes sense after you substituted am, is, are, then you have a LINKING VERB, if your not able to substitute one of those three words, then you have an action verb.

24. Teacher Challenge • In your notebooks, see if you can figure out whether the verbs in each of these sentences is either a linking verb or an action verb. • Problem 1: They sounded the bell for a fire drill. • Problem 2: Mom sounded happy about her new job. • Problem 3: Paul jumped up and down with joy. • Problem 4: Kelsy became an honor student.

25. Ad + Verb=ADVERB • Adverbs- are words that are used to describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It never describes a noun! Adverbs usually end in –ly; but not always. Ex: I ran home quickly. (How did I run? Quickly) Adverbs answer the following questions: Where? How often? How much? When? How long? How? To what extent?

26. TeacherChallenge • See how many adverbs you can think of in 1 minute. • Ready, Set , Go…. • Ex: Please put the package there. (There describes the verb “put” and answers the question where?) • Ex: I will call you later? (Later describes the verb phrase will call and answer the ? When). • Chart on page 358 • * Adverbs many come before, after, or between the words they describe.

27. PrepOsitions • When you think of prepositions, it is helpful to think of this catchy song… • “Over the river and through the woods,To Grandfather's house we go.” • A preposition is a word that shows the relationship or whereabouts between the noun/pronoun and another word in the sentence. It usually is a small word that tells where something is. • Prepositions can NEVER end a sentence! • Ex. Ms. DeStefano is sitting behind her desk. • Behind is the preposition and it tells where Ms. D is sitting. • List of prepositions on page 361, in Elements of Language textbook.

28. Let’s Examine Prepositions a bit more… • The Compound Preposition: is made of more than one word… • According to in addition to next to • Aside from in place of on account of • Because of in spite of out of • Prepositional Phrase: has at least 1 noun or pronoun as its object. The noun or pronoun is calledthe object of the preposition. • The preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object, usually make up a prepositional phrase. • USUALLY-the object of the preposition follows the preposition. • Ex. The pile of dry leaves had grown much larger. • The prep. OF relates its object, LEAVES to the PILE. The adj. dry describes the leaves.

29. The difference between a Preposition and an Averb • The difference between a Preposition and an adverb, is a preposition must have a noun or pronoun as its object. An adverb never has a noun or pronoun as it’s object. • Ex. Clouds gathered above us.(Prep) • Ex. Clouds gathered above.(Adv.)

30. Conjunctions- What are your functions? • Conjunctions- are words that join other words or groups together. • Here is the magic word to help you memorize them:FANBOYS • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So FOR: Can be a conjunction or a preposition, depending how it is used in a sentence. • Ex. The zebra laid down in the shade for a nap. [For shows a relationship between the object nap and the very laid] • Ex. The zebra turned toward the watering hold, for it was getting thirsty. [For joins the two sentences together.]

31. INTERJECTIONS • An interjection is a word that expresses emotion, a.k.a. “BATMAN WORDS” • Aha! Hey! Bam! Wow! • An interjection either has a comma (,) or an exclamation point (!) after it to show emphasis. • Chart on page 366.

32. The End • Sadly, we have now finished our parts of speech unit, but don’t worry you will see these terms again shortly! • Thanks for all your hard work and hours of studying! I am very proud of you!